AMENDMENT #1 TO FORM S-1
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on
May 4, 2006.
Registration
No. 333-132912
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Amendment No. 1
to
Form S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
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Delaware |
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2834 |
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04-3416587 |
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization) |
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(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code No.) |
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(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number) |
100 Corporate Court
South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080-2449
(908) 222-7000
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of registrants principal executive
offices)
Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D.
President and Chief Executive Officer
PTC Therapeutics, Inc.
100 Corporate Court
South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080-2449
(908) 222-7000
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
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David E. Redlick
Stuart R. Nayman
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP
399 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10022
(212) 230-8800 |
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Mark E. Boulding
Senior Vice President and General Counsel
PTC Therapeutics, Inc.
100 Corporate Court
South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080-2449
(908) 222-7000 |
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Patrick OBrien
Ropes & Gray LLP
One International Place
Boston, Massachusetts 02110
(617) 951-7000 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the
public: As soon as practicable after this Registration
Statement is declared effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are
offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to
Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
Securities Act) please check the following
box. o
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an
offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act,
please check the following box and list the Securities Act
registration statement number of the earlier effective
registration statement for the same
offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to
Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, please check the
following box and list the Securities Act registration statement
number of the earlier effective registration statement for the
same
offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to
Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, please check the
following box and list the Securities Act registration statement
number of the earlier effective registration statement for the
same
offering. o
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on
such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective
date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which
specifically states that this Registration Statement shall
thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a)
of the Securities Act or until the Registration Statement shall
become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant
to Section 8(a), may determine.
The
information in this prospectus is not complete and may be
changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration
statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is
effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these
securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these
securities in any state where the offer or sale is not
permitted.
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PROSPECTUS (Subject to
Completion)
Issued May 4, 2006
Shares
COMMON STOCK
PTC Therapeutics, Inc. is
offering shares
of its common stock. This is our initial public offering, and no
public market currently exists for our shares. We anticipate
that the initial public offering price will be between
$ and
$ per
share.
We have applied to have our common stock approved for
quotation on The Nasdaq National Market under the symbol
PTCT.
Investing in our common stock involves risks. See
Risk Factors beginning on page 6.
PRICE
$
A SHARE
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Underwriting | |
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Price to | |
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Discounts and | |
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Proceeds to | |
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Public | |
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PTC | |
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Per Share
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$ |
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Total
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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We have granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to an
additional shares
of common stock to cover over-allotments.
The Securities and Exchange Commission and state securities
regulators have not approved or disapproved these securities or
determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any
representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated expects to deliver
the shares to purchasers
on ,
2006.
PACIFIC GROWTH EQUITIES, LLC
,
2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
You should rely only on the information contained in this
prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with
information different from that contained in this prospectus. We
are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our
common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are
permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is
accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of
the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our
common stock. In this prospectus, unless otherwise stated or the
context otherwise requires, references to PTC
Therapeutics, we, us,
our and similar references refer to PTC
Therapeutics, Inc.
Until ,
2006, 25 days after the commencement of this offering, all
dealers that buy, sell or trade shares of our common stock,
whether or not participating in this offering, may be required
to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the
dealers obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as
underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or
subscriptions.
For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of
the underwriters have done anything that would permit this
offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any
jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other
than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves
about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering
and the distribution of this prospectus.
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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
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This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in
this prospectus. This summary may not contain all of the
information that is important to you. Before investing in our
common stock, you should read this prospectus carefully in its
entirety, especially the risks of investing in our common stock
that we discuss in the Risk Factors section of this
prospectus and our financial statements and the related notes
beginning on page F-1. |
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PTC Therapeutics, Inc.
Our Company
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We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and
development of orally administered, proprietary small-molecule
drugs that target post-transcriptional control processes. Our
lead product development programs are PTC124 for genetic
disorders and PTC299 for oncology. We are currently conducting
Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 for the treatment of
cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients with a
specific type of genetic mutation. We recently performed an
interim analysis of data from 15 patients who have
completed our ongoing cystic fibrosis trials and observed
results which suggest that PTC124 may have pharmacological
activity that addresses the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis
in these patients. For PTC299, we commenced a Phase 1a
clinical trial in healthy volunteers in April 2006. We have
discovered all of our compounds currently under development. We
plan to develop these compounds both on our own and through
selective collaboration arrangements with leading pharmaceutical
and biotechnology companies. We have retained worldwide
commercialization rights to PTC124 and PTC299 and recently
entered into a collaboration with Schering-Plough Corporation
for the development and commercialization of preclinical
compounds that we have identified for the potential treatment of
hepatitis C. |
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Post-transcriptional control processes regulate the rate and
timing of protein production and are of central importance to
proper cellular function. The small-molecule compounds that we
are developing are designed to alter post-transcriptional
processes and modulate the utilization of messenger RNA, or
mRNA, a key intermediate in protein production. We have
assembled proprietary technologies and extensive knowledge of
post-transcriptional control processes that we apply in our drug
discovery and development activities. We believe that
systematically targeting these processes represents a new and
unexploited approach to drug discovery and development, which
has several potential key advantages. These include the
potential to use orally available small-molecule drugs to
address previously intractable drug targets and to up or down
regulate the level of production of a protein of interest. In
addition, this approach has the potential to treat a broad range
of diseases. Our current pipeline of clinical and preclinical
product candidates addresses multiple indications, including
genetic disorders, oncology and infectious diseases. |
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Our Lead Programs
Our three most advanced product development programs are:
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PTC124 for genetic disorders. We are developing
PTC124 for the treatment of patients with genetic disorders that
arise as a result of a type of genetic mutation known as a
nonsense mutation. Our initial target indications for PTC124 are
cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy in cases in
which a nonsense mutation is the cause of the disease. We are
currently conducting two Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124
in patients with cystic fibrosis and one Phase 2 clinical
trial of PTC124 in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We
believe that PTC124 is potentially applicable to a broad range
of other genetic disorders in which a nonsense mutation is the
cause of the disease. We expect to complete our ongoing
Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 for both cystic fibrosis
and Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the second half of 2006. |
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PTC299 for oncology. We are developing PTC299
initially for the treatment of cancer. In preclinical studies,
PTC299 directly and potently inhibited the production of
vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF. VEGF is a protein
that plays a central role in tumor growth through the process of
new blood vessel formation referred to as angiogenesis. Because
PTC299 blocks the production of VEGF, |
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its activity is different from that of currently available
anti-VEGF agents, which typically act by blocking the action of
VEGF that has already been produced. In April 2006, we commenced
a Phase 1a clinical trial of PTC299 in healthy volunteers
in Belgium. If this Phase 1a clinical trial is successful,
we plan to initiate a Phase 1b clinical trial of PTC299 in
cancer patients in late 2006. PTC299 and related compounds are
also potentially applicable to other diseases in which
regulating VEGF levels plays a key role, such as age-related
macular degeneration. |
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Hepatitis C development program. We have
identified a number of small-molecule compounds that, in
preclinical tests, inhibited hepatitis C viral protein
synthesis and the production of the virus. These compounds
target a specific site on the viral mRNA known as an internal
ribosomal entry site, or IRES, which is critical to the
replication of the hepatitis C virus. We believe that our
approach may be complementary to existing therapies and other
compounds currently in development for the treatment of
hepatitis C. |
We are also conducting discovery programs focused on developing
new treatments for multiple therapeutic areas, including
bacterial infections, anemia and musculoskeletal conditions.
Interim Data from our Phase 2 Cystic Fibrosis Clinical
Trials
We are currently conducting two Phase 2 clinical trials of
PTC124 in patients with cystic fibrosis caused by nonsense
mutations. We expect to enroll at least 18 evaluable patients in
each trial. The primary endpoint in both trials is the change in
study participants chloride conductance in respiratory
cells as measured by transepithelial potential difference, or
TEPD. The primary endpoint of a clinical trial is the outcome
measure that is determined to be the most important in assessing
whether the objective of the trial has been achieved. TEPD is a
common and accepted measure to diagnose and evaluate patients
with cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis patients have an abnormal
TEPD chloride conductance. We assess the endpoint in three ways:
(1) mean change in TEPD chloride conductance; (2) the
percentage of patients that achieve a defined improvement in
TEPD chloride conductance, referred to as a chloride conductance
response; and (3) the percentage of patients with
improvement in TEPD chloride conductance into the generally
accepted normal range. Participants in the trials take PTC124 in
two sequential periods during which they receive PTC124 at
specified doses. These periods are referred to as dosing cycles.
The first is a lower-dose cycle and the second is a higher-dose
cycle. We assess changes in participants TEPD chloride
conductance from the beginning to the end of each dosing cycle.
In March 2006, we conducted an interim analysis of the data from
a total of 15 patients who have completed their
participation in either of our two trials. In these
15 patients, at both dose levels, we observed statistically
significant results in all three ways in which we assessed the
endpoint, including mean improvement in TEPD chloride
conductance, percentage of patients with a chloride conductance
response and percentage of patients with a chloride conductance
value improvement into the normal range. Clinical trial results
are generally considered to be statistically significant if
there is less than a one-in-twenty likelihood that the observed
results occurred by chance. We believe that these results
suggest that PTC124 may have pharmacological activity that
addresses the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis in these
patients. We also believe that this is the first time such
activity has been observed in a clinical trial of an oral
therapy for cystic fibrosis. We also observed improvements in
other endpoints, including lung function and weight.
While these interim results do not necessarily predict favorable
outcomes from our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials or any
future trial, we believe that these results support our
continued development of PTC124 in cystic fibrosis, Duchenne
muscular dystrophy and other genetic disorders caused by
nonsense mutations.
Our Collaborations
In March 2006, we entered into a collaboration with
Schering-Plough for the development and commercialization of
compounds in our hepatitis C program. Pursuant to the
collaboration, we and Schering-Plough will conduct a joint
research program, and Schering-Plough will be responsible for
worldwide development and commercialization efforts for any
product candidates that are developed. Schering-Plough has made
an upfront payment to us of $12.0 million and has agreed to
provide funding for our research
2
activities. In addition, we are eligible to receive more than
$200 million in payments if specified development,
regulatory and sales milestones are achieved. We are also
entitled to royalties on sales of products developed pursuant to
the collaboration, with the royalty percentage based on
specified thresholds of worldwide net product sales. In addition
to our collaboration with Schering-Plough, we have entered into
a research collaboration with Bausch & Lomb to identify
and potentially license to Bausch & Lomb compounds with
anti-angiogenic activity for specified ophthalmic diseases.
Our Proprietary Technologies
We employ several proprietary technologies in our research and
development activities. Our principal technology is Gene
Expression Modulation by Small Molecules, or GEMS, which we use
to identify compounds that increase or decrease protein levels
by altering post-transcriptional control processes. GEMS is a
screening procedure that is based on our understanding of
specific elements of mRNA that are critical for
post-transcriptional control. Through the use of GEMS and other
proprietary technologies, we have identified compounds that have
exhibited desired pharmaceutical activity and side effect
profiles in preclinical studies. We believe that these results
validate our ability to identify compounds that affect protein
levels through post-transcriptional control processes and our
ability to optimize these compounds as potential product
candidates for their specified indications.
Our Strategy
Our goal is to become a leading pharmaceutical company focused
on developing and commercializing small-molecule therapeutics
that target post-transcriptional control processes and address
unmet medical needs. The key elements of our strategy are to
rapidly advance our lead programs; apply our integrated approach
to continue to discover and develop small molecules that alter
post-transcriptional control processes; build a specialized
sales and marketing infrastructure; and selectively
establish strategic alliances with leading pharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies.
Risks Associated with Our Business
Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should
be aware before making an investment decision. These risks are
discussed more fully in the Risk Factors section of
this prospectus immediately following this prospectus summary.
We have a limited operating history and have not yet
commercialized any products. We have incurred substantial
operating losses in each year since inception. Our net loss was
$22.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2005. As
of December 31, 2005, we had a deficit accumulated during
the development stage of $92.1 million. We expect to incur
significant and increasing net losses for at least the next
several years. It is uncertain whether any of our product
candidates under development will become effective treatments.
All of our product candidates are undergoing clinical trials or
are in earlier stages of development, and failure is common and
can occur at any stage of development. None of our drug
candidates has received regulatory approval for
commercialization, and we do not expect that any drugs resulting
from our or our collaborators research and development
efforts will be commercially available for a number of years, if
at all. We may never receive any product sales revenues or
achieve profitability.
Our Corporate Information
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in
March 1998. Our principal executive offices are located at
100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, New Jersey
07080-2449, and our
telephone number is
(908) 222-7000.
Our website address is www.ptcbio.com. The information
contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is
not a part of this prospectus. We have included our website
address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual
reference.
3
THE OFFERING
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Common stock we are offering |
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shares |
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Common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
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shares |
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Over-allotment option |
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shares |
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Use of Proceeds |
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We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be
approximately
$ million,
or approximately
$ million
if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in
full, assuming an initial public offering price of
$ per
share, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and
commissions and offering expenses payable by us. We expect to
use most of the net proceeds from this offering to fund clinical
trials, preclinical testing and other research and development
activities and the balance for working capital and other general
corporate purposes. See Use of Proceeds. |
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Risk Factors |
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You should read the Risk Factors section of this
prospectus for a discussion of the factors to consider carefully
before deciding to purchase any shares of our common stock. |
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Proposed Nasdaq National Market symbol |
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PTCT |
The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding
immediately after this offering is based on 11,889 shares
of common stock outstanding as of March 15, 2006 and an
additional 13,504,722 shares of common stock issuable upon
the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our
preferred stock upon the closing of this offering. The number of
shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering
excludes:
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2,340,715 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise
of stock options outstanding as of March 15, 2006 at a
weighted average exercise price of $2.40 per share; |
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277,151 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise
of warrants outstanding as of March 15, 2006 at a weighted
average exercise price of $17.86 per share; |
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an aggregate
of shares
of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2006
equity incentive plan as of the closing of this
offering; and |
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an aggregate
of shares
of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2006
employee stock purchase plan as of the closing of this offering. |
Unless otherwise noted, all information in this prospectus
assumes:
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no exercise of the outstanding options or warrants described
above; |
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no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase up
to shares
of common stock to cover over-allotments; and |
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the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our
preferred stock into an aggregate of 13,504,722 shares of
common stock upon the closing of this offering. |
4
SUMMARY FINANCIAL DATA
The following is a summary of our financial information. You
should read this information together with our financial
statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this
prospectus and the Managements Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
section of this prospectus.
The pro forma as adjusted balance sheet data set forth below
gives effect to the automatic conversion of all outstanding
shares of our preferred stock into an aggregate of
13,504,722 shares of common stock upon the closing of this
offering and to our issuance and sale
of shares
of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public
offering price of
$ per
share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the
cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated
underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses
payable by us.
Please see note 2 to our financial statements appearing at
the end of this prospectus for an explanation of the method used
to calculate the net loss per share, the pro forma net loss per
share and the number of shares used in the computation of per
share amounts.
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Period from | |
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March 31, | |
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1998 | |
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Year Ended December 31, | |
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(Inception) to | |
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December 31, | |
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2003 | |
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2004 | |
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2005 | |
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2005 | |
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(in thousands, except share and per share data) | |
Statements of Operations Data:
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Revenues
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$ |
756 |
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$ |
1,606 |
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$ |
4,967 |
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$ |
7,669 |
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Operating expenses:
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Research and development
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17,695 |
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20,070 |
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21,123 |
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76,970 |
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General and administrative
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4,693 |
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6,023 |
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7,944 |
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27,231 |
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Total operating expenses
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22,388 |
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26,093 |
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29,067 |
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104,201 |
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Loss from operations
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(21,632 |
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(24,487 |
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(24,100 |
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(96,532 |
) |
Interest income
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317 |
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579 |
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854 |
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3,998 |
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Interest expense
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(358 |
) |
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(184 |
) |
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(141 |
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(1,007 |
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Loss before tax benefit
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(21,673 |
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(24,092 |
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(23,387 |
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(93,541 |
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Tax benefit
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235 |
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451 |
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479 |
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1,397 |
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Loss applicable to common stockholders
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$ |
(21,438 |
) |
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$ |
(23,641 |
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$ |
(22,908 |
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$ |
(92,144 |
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Basic and diluted loss per share applicable to common
stockholders
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$ |
(315,259 |
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$ |
(347,670 |
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$ |
(9,925 |
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Shares used to compute basic and diluted loss per share
applicable to common stockholders
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68 |
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68 |
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2,308 |
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Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per common share (unaudited)
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$ |
(2.11 |
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Shares used to compute pro forma basic and diluted net loss per
common share (unaudited)
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10,831,634 |
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As of December 31, 2005 | |
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Pro Forma | |
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Actual | |
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As Adjusted | |
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(unaudited) | |
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(in thousands) | |
Balance Sheet Data:
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Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments
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$ |
37,840 |
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Working capital
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34,331 |
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Total assets
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43,974 |
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Long-term debt, net of current portion
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804 |
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Deficit accumulated during the development stage
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(92,144 |
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Total stockholders equity
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38,401 |
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5
RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk.
You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties
described below together with all of the other information
included in this prospectus, including the financial statements
and related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus,
before deciding to invest in our common stock. If any of the
following risks actually occur, they may materially harm our
business, prospects, financial condition and results of
operations. In this event, the market price of our common stock
could decline and you could lose part or all of your
investment.
Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for
Additional Capital
We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We
expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never
achieve or maintain profitability.
Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses.
Our net loss was $22.9 million for the year ended
December 31, 2005. As of December 31, 2005, we had a
deficit accumulated during the development stage of
$92.1 million. To date, we have financed our operations
primarily through private placements of our preferred stock and,
to a lesser extent, through a variety of governmental grant
programs and through financial support from advocacy groups and
foundations in the disease areas addressed by our product
candidates. We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to
research and development, including clinical trials. We have not
completed development of any drugs. We expect to continue to
incur significant and increasing operating losses for at least
the next several years. We anticipate that our expenses will
increase substantially as we:
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continue our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 for
the treatment of cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy
caused by nonsense mutations and conduct potential later stage
clinical trials of PTC124 if our Phase 2 trials are
successful; |
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initiate and pursue clinical trials of PTC299 for the treatment
of cancer; |
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continue the research and development of our other product
candidates; |
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seek to discover and develop additional product candidates; |
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seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates that
successfully complete clinical trials; |
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establish a sales and marketing infrastructure to commercialize
products for which we may obtain regulatory approval; and |
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add operational, financial and management information systems
and personnel, including personnel to support our product
development efforts and our obligations as a public company. |
To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing
and eventually commercializing drugs with significant market
potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of
challenging activities, including discovering product
candidates, successfully completing preclinical testing and
clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining regulatory
approval for these product candidates and manufacturing,
marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain
regulatory approval. We are only in the preliminary stages of
these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and
may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough
to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability,
we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a
quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain
profitable would depress the market price of our common stock
and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our
business, diversify our product offerings or continue our
operations. A decline in the market price of our common stock
would also cause you to lose all or a part of your investment.
6
We will need substantial additional funding and may be unable
to raise capital when needed, which would force us to delay,
reduce or eliminate our product development programs or
commercialization efforts.
We expect our research and development expenses to increase in
connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we
continue our Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 for the
treatment of cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy
caused by nonsense mutations, commence additional clinical
trials of PTC124 if our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials are
successful, commence additional clinical trials of PTC299 for
the treatment of cancer and continue the research activities in
our hepatitis C virus program in collaboration with
Schering-Plough. In addition, subject to obtaining regulatory
approval of any of our product candidates, we expect to incur
significant commercialization expenses for product sales,
marketing, securing commercial quantities of product from our
manufacturers and distribution. We will need substantial
additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when
needed or on attractive terms, which would force us to delay,
reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or
commercialization efforts.
We believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together
with our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term
investments and research funding that we expect to receive under
our collaborations, will be sufficient to enable us to fund our
operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements
until .
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors,
including:
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the progress and results of our clinical trials of PTC124 and
PTC299; |
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the success of our hepatitis C virus collaboration with
Schering-Plough; |
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the scope, progress, results and costs of preclinical
development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our
other product candidates; |
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the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our
product candidates; |
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the number and development requirements of other product
candidates that we pursue; |
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the costs of commercialization activities, including product
marketing, sales and distribution; |
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the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent
applications and maintaining, enforcing and defending
intellectual property-related claims; |
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the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products
and technologies; and |
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our ability to establish and maintain collaborations. |
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product
revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through public or
private equity offerings and debt financings, corporate
collaboration and licensing arrangements and grants from patient
advocacy groups, foundations and government agencies. If we
raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our
stockholders will experience dilution. Debt financing, if
available, may involve agreements that include covenants
limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions,
such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures
or declaring dividends. Any debt financing or additional equity
that we raise may contain terms, such as liquidation and other
preferences that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If
we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing
arrangements with third parties, it may be necessary to
relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue
streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant
licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.
Our short operating history may make it difficult for you to
evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our
future viability.
We are a development-stage company. We commenced active
operations in 2000. Our operations to date have been limited to
organizing and staffing our company, acquiring, developing and
securing our technology and undertaking preclinical studies and
limited clinical trials of our most advanced product candidates.
We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully
complete large-scale, pivotal clinical trials, obtain
7
regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial scale product, or
arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct
sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product
commercialization. Consequently, any predictions you make about
our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they
could be if we had a longer operating history.
In addition, as a new business, we may encounter unforeseen
expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known
and unknown factors. We will need to transition from a company
with a research focus to a company capable of supporting
commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a
transition.
Risks Related to the Development and Commercialization of Our
Product Candidates
We depend heavily on the success of our most advanced product
candidates, particularly PTC124 and PTC299. All of our product
candidates are still in preclinical and clinical development.
Clinical trials of our product candidates may not be successful.
If we are unable to commercialize PTC124 or PTC299, or
experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be
materially harmed.
We have invested a significant portion of our efforts and
financial resources in the development of our most advanced
product candidates, PTC124 for the treatment of genetic
disorders and PTC299 for the treatment of cancer. Our ability to
generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for
at least the next several years, if ever, will depend heavily on
the successful development and eventual commercialization of
these product candidates. The success of our product candidates
will depend on several factors, including the following:
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successful completion of clinical trials; |
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successful completion of additional preclinical studies, such as
the additional toxicity study of PTC124 that we are conducting
in rats, at the request of the United States Food and Drug
Administration, or FDA; |
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receipt of marketing approvals from the FDA and similar
regulatory authorities outside the United States; |
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establishing commercial manufacturing arrangements with
third-party manufacturers; |
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launching commercial sales of the product, whether alone or in
collaboration with others; |
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acceptance of the product by patients, the medical community and
third-party payors; |
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competition from other therapies; and |
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a continued acceptable safety profile of the product following
approval. |
Interim results from a clinical trial are not indicative of
the successful outcome of that trial and the results of early
stage clinical trials do not ensure success in later stage
clinical trials.
Our efforts to commercialize all of our product candidates are
at an early stage. We are currently conducting Phase 2
clinical trials of PTC124 for the treatment of cystic fibrosis
and Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by nonsense mutations. We
expect to complete these Phase 2 clinical trials in 2006.
In April 2006, we commenced a Phase 1a clinical trial of
PTC299 in healthy volunteers in Belgium. If this Phase 1a
clinical trial is successful, we plan to initiate a
Phase 1b clinical trial of PTC299 in late 2006 in patients
with advanced solid tumors whose disease has progressed during
therapy or for whom there is no effective therapy available. The
outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not
be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and
interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict
final results. For example, the interim results to date in our
Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 for the treatment of
cystic fibrosis caused by nonsense mutations are based on data
from only 15 patients and include patients from both
trials. Data from additional patients enrolled in these trials
may be less favorable than the data observed to date. We cannot
assure you that either trial will ultimately be successful. In
addition, the results from these 15 patients have only
become available recently. New information regarding the safety
and efficacy of PTC124 may arise from
8
our continuing analysis of the data that may be less favorable
than the data observed to date. In these Phase 2 trials,
patients take PTC124 for two-week periods. PTC124 may not be
found to be effective or safe when taken for longer periods.
In addition, the primary endpoints in our Phase 2 clinical
trials of PTC124 are based on pharmacodynamic markers of changes
in the disease state. For example, in our Phase 2 cystic
fibrosis trials, we are using chloride conductance as measured
by TEPD as a pharmacodynamic marker of changes in a cystic
fibrosis patients disease state. We anticipate that the
primary endpoints in later stage clinical trials of PTC124 will
be different than the endpoints in our Phase 2 trials. We
expect that primary endpoints for future clinical trials of
PTC124 in cystic fibrosis would include longer-term clinical
measures of lung function and that primary endpoints for future
clinical trials of PTC124 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy would
include clinical measures of muscle function. As such, the
results of our Phase 2 clinical trials are not necessarily
indicative of the results we may obtain in later stage clinical
trials. It may also be more difficult for us to achieve these
endpoints than those we are using in our Phase 2 clinical
trials.
Even if our early phase clinical trials are successful, we will
need to conduct additional clinical trials in larger numbers of
patients taking the drug for longer periods for all of our
product candidates before we are able to seek approvals to
market and sell these product candidates from the FDA and
similar regulatory authorities outside the United States.
Similarly, even if clinical trials of a product candidate are
successful in one indication, clinical trials of that product
candidate for other indications may be unsuccessful. If we are
not successful in commercializing any of our lead product
candidates, or are significantly delayed in doing so, our
business will be materially harmed.
If our preclinical studies do not produce positive results or
if our clinical trials are delayed, we may experience delays,
incur additional costs and ultimately be unable to commercialize
our product candidates.
Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our product
candidates, we must conduct, at our own expense, extensive
preclinical tests to demonstrate the safety of our product
candidates in animals and clinical trials to demonstrate the
safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans.
Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to
design and implement, can take many years to complete and is
uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more of our
clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. We may
experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of,
preclinical testing and the clinical trial process that could
delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or
commercialize our product candidates, including:
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regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us
to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a
prospective trial site; |
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our preclinical tests or clinical trials may produce negative or
inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may
require us, to conduct additional preclinical testing or
clinical trials or we may abandon projects that we expect to be
promising; |
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the number of patients required for our clinical trials may be
larger than we anticipate, enrollment in our clinical trials may
be slower than we currently anticipate, or participants may drop
out of our clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate,
any of which would result in significant delays; |
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our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory
requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a
timely manner; |
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we might have to suspend or terminate our clinical trials if the
participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; |
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regulators or institutional review boards may require that we
hold, suspend or terminate clinical research for various
reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements; |
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the cost of our clinical trials may be greater than we
anticipate; |
9
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the supply or quality of our product candidates or other
materials necessary to conduct our clinical trials may be
insufficient or inadequate because we do not currently have any
agreements with third-party manufacturers for the long-term
commercial supply of any of our product candidates; and |
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the effects of our product candidates may not be the desired
effects or may include undesirable side effects or the product
candidates may have other unexpected characteristics. |
In particular, we recently commenced Phase 2 clinical
trials of PTC124 for the treatment of cystic fibrosis and
Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by nonsense mutations. Both
of these indications are characterized by relatively small
patient populations, which may result in slow enrollment of
clinical trial participants. In addition, we may experience
delays in agreeing to the endpoints for later stage clinical
trials of PTC124 with the FDA and similar regulatory authorities
outside the United States.
If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or
other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we
currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete
our clinical trials or other testing, if the results of these
trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive
or if there are safety concerns, we may:
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be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product
candidates; |
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not be able to obtain marketing approval; |
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obtain approval for indications that are not as broad as
intended; or |
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have the product removed from the market after obtaining
marketing approval. |
Our product development costs will also increase if we
experience delays in testing or approvals. We do not know
whether any preclinical tests or clinical trials will begin as
planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on
schedule, if at all. Significant preclinical or clinical trial
delays also could shorten the patent protection period during
which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our
product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to
market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our
products or product candidates.
If serious adverse or inappropriate side effects are
identified during the development of our product candidates, we
may need to abandon our development of some of our product
candidates.
All of our product candidates are in an early stage of
development and their risk of failure is high. It is impossible
to predict when or if any of our product candidates will prove
effective or safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval.
If the effects of our product candidates include undesirable
side effects or have characteristics that are unexpected, we may
need to abandon our development of those product candidates.
In our preclinical testing of PTC124, we noted inflammatory
cells in the adrenal glands of some dogs that were treated with
PTC124. The clinical implications, if any, of this observation
are unknown. We may need to assess adrenal function in humans
receiving PTC124 or perform other tests if required by the FDA
or other regulatory authorities. Also in our preclinical testing
of PTC124, some rats developed brown fat tumors, tumors of the
mammary glands and tumors of the testes. It was not clear
whether the non-brown fat tumors were caused by PTC124. Brown
fat tumors can occur in small animals, including rodents, but
are extremely rare in humans. Other drugs known to cause growth
of brown fat tumors in rats have not been observed to cause
similar tumors in humans. However, at the request of the FDA, we
are conducting an additional six-month toxicity study of PTC124
in rats. If the results of this study are unfavorable, our
ability to continue the development of PTC124 may be adversely
affected.
In one of our Phase 1 clinical trials of PTC124, we observed
modest elevations of liver enzymes in some subjects. These
elevated enzyme levels did not require cessation of PTC124
administration, and enzyme levels typically normalized after
completion of the treatment phase. We did not observe any
increases in bilirubin, which can be associated with serious
harm to the liver. In the 15 participants we have evaluated to
date on our Phase 2 clinical trials for cystic fibrosis, we did
not observe any meaningful elevations in liver enzymes or
bilirubin. If we were to observe elevations in liver enzymes in
patients in our ongoing or potential future
10
clinical trials of PTC124, we may be unable to continue the
development of the product candidate. Alternatively, we may be
required to instruct physicians to frequently monitor patients
for liver enzyme abnormalities, which could be an impediment to
the use of PTC124 because of concerns related to its safety and
convenience.
Our focus on the discovery and development of product
candidates that target post-transcriptional control processes is
unproven, and we do not know whether we will be able to develop
any products of commercial value.
Our scientific approach focuses on the discovery and development
of product candidates that target post-transcriptional control
processes. While a number of commonly used drugs and a growing
body of research validate the importance of post-transcriptional
control processes in the origin and progression of a number of
diseases, no existing drugs have been specifically designed to
alter post-transcriptional control processes in the same manner
as our lead product candidates. As a result, we cannot be
certain that our focus on targeting these processes will result
in the discovery and development of commercially viable drugs
that safely and effectively treat genetic disorders, cancer,
hepatitis C or other diseases. In addition, even if we are
successful in developing and receiving regulatory approval for a
commercially viable drug that treats an approved indication by
targeting a particular post-transcriptional control process, we
cannot be certain that we will also be able to receive
regulatory approval for additional indications. Nor can we be
certain that we will be able to receive regulatory approval for
product candidates that target different post-transcriptional
control processes. If we fail to develop and commercialize
viable drugs, we will not achieve commercial success.
The commercial success of any product candidates that we may
develop, including PTC124 and PTC299, will depend upon the
degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare
payors and others in the medical community.
Any products that we bring to the market, including PTC124 and
PTC299 if they receive marketing approval, may not gain market
acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others
in the medical community. If these products do not achieve an
adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant
product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of
market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for
commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:
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the prevalence and severity of any side effects; |
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the efficacy and potential advantages over alternative
treatments; |
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the ability to offer our product candidates for sale at
competitive prices; |
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relative convenience and ease of administration; |
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the willingness of the target patient population to try new
therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies; |
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the strength of marketing and distribution support; and |
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sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement. |
If we are unable to establish sales and marketing
capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to
market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to
generate product revenues.
We do not have a sales or marketing organization and have no
experience in the sale, marketing or distribution of
pharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for any
approved product, we must either develop a sales and marketing
organization or outsource these functions to third parties.
Currently, we plan to build a focused specialty sales and
marketing infrastructure to market or co-promote some of our
product candidates if and when they are approved. There are
risks involved with establishing our own sales and marketing
capabilities, as well as in entering into arrangements with
third parties to perform these services. For example, developing
a sales force is expensive and time consuming and could delay
any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product
candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish
marketing
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capabilities is delayed or prohibited as a result of FDA
requirements or other reasons, we would incur related expenses
too early relative to the product launch. This may be costly,
and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain our sales
and marketing personnel. In addition, even if we establish our
own sales force and marketing capabilities, our sales force and
marketing teams may not be successful in commercializing our
products.
If we are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from
governments or third-party payors for any products that we may
develop or if we are unable to obtain acceptable prices for
those products, our revenues and prospects for profitability
will suffer.
Our revenues and profits will depend heavily upon the
availability of adequate reimbursement for the use of our
approved product candidates from governmental and other
third-party payors, both in the United States and in other
markets. Reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon a
number of factors, including the third-party payors
determination that use of a product is:
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a covered benefit under its health plan; |
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safe, effective and medically necessary; |
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appropriate for the specific patient; |
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cost-effective; and |
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neither experimental nor investigational. |
Obtaining reimbursement approval for a product from each
government or other third-party payor is a time consuming and
costly process that could require us to provide supporting
scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of
our products to each payor. We may not be able to provide data
sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to reimbursement.
Even when a payor determines that a product is eligible for
reimbursement, the payor may impose coverage limitations that
preclude payment for some uses that are approved by the FDA or
comparable authorities. In addition, there is a risk that full
reimbursement may not be available for high priced products.
Moreover, eligibility for coverage does not imply that any
product will be reimbursed in all cases or at a rate that allows
us to make a profit or even cover our costs. Interim payments
for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to
cover our costs and may not be made permanent. A primary trend
in the United States healthcare industry and elsewhere is toward
cost containment. We expect recent changes in the Medicare
program and increasing emphasis on managed care to continue to
put pressure on pharmaceutical product pricing.
Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict
price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if
any.
In some countries, particularly the countries of the European
Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to
governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations
with governmental authorities can take considerable time after
the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain
reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be
required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the
cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available
therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or
limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at
unsatisfactory levels, our business could be adversely affected.
Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur
substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any
products that we may develop.
We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related
to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical
trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially
sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully
defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or
products
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caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities.
Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may
result in:
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decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we
may develop; |
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injury to our reputation; |
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withdrawal of clinical trial participants; |
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costs to defend the related litigation; |
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substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; |
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loss of revenue; and |
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the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop. |
We have product liability insurance that covers our clinical
trials up to a $5.0 million annual aggregate limit and
subject to a per claim deductible. The amount of insurance that
we currently hold may not be adequate to cover all liabilities
that we may incur. We intend to expand our insurance coverage to
include the sale of commercial products if we obtain marketing
approval for any products. Insurance coverage is increasingly
expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at
a reasonable cost and we may not be able to obtain insurance
coverage that will be adequate to satisfy any liability that may
arise.
We face substantial competition which may result in others
discovering, developing or commercializing products before or
more successfully than we do.
The development and commercialization of new drugs is highly
competitive. We face competition with respect to our current
product candidates and any products we may seek to develop or
commercialize in the future from major pharmaceutical companies,
specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies
worldwide. For example, several large pharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies currently market and sell products to
manage the symptoms and side effects of cystic fibrosis. These
products include Chiron Corporations TOBI and Genentech,
Inc.s Pulmozyme. Although there are no products currently
approved to treat the root causes of cystic fibrosis, we could
also face future potential competition from pharmaceutical
companies seeking to develop drugs aimed at modulating CFTR
function, including programs of Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
and Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated. Although there are
currently no approved therapeutics to treat the root causes of
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, we are aware of early stage gene
therapy programs of third parties targeting Duchenne muscular
dystrophy, which if successful would compete with PTC124 if it
is approved for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. If
approved for the treatment of cancer, we expect that PTC299
would compete with other anti-angiogenesis therapies. These
include Genentechs Avastin, Bayers and Onyxs
Nexavar and Pfizer Inc.s Sutent. We are also aware of
numerous other anti-angiogenesis cancer therapies in development
by third parties, including the VEGF Trap, which is in
development by Sanofi-Aventis and Regeneron. There are numerous
product candidates for the treatment of HCV in clinical
development. These include product candidates of Idenix
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Vertex Pharmaceuticals.
Potential competitors also include academic institutions,
government agencies and other public and private research
organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and
establish collaborative arrangements for research, development,
manufacturing and commercialization. Our competitors may develop
products that are more effective, safer, more convenient or less
costly than any that we are developing or that would render our
product candidates obsolete or non-competitive. Our competitors
may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their
products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours.
We believe that many competitors are attempting to develop
therapeutics for many of our target indications, including
academic institutions, government agencies, public and private
research organizations, large pharmaceutical companies and
smaller more focused companies.
Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial
resources and expertise in research and development,
manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials,
obtaining regulatory approvals and
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marketing approved products than we do. Smaller and other early
stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors,
particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and
established companies. These third parties compete with us in
recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management
personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient
registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring
technologies complementary to or necessary for our programs or
advantageous to our business.
Our business activities involve the use of hazardous
materials, which require compliance with environmental and
occupational safety laws regulating the use of such materials.
If we violate these laws, we could be subject to significant
fines, liabilities or other adverse consequences.
Our research and development programs involve the controlled use
of hazardous materials. Accordingly, we are subject to federal,
state and local laws governing the use, handling and disposal of
these materials. Although we believe that our safety procedures
for handling and disposing of these materials comply in all
material respects with the standards prescribed by state and
federal regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of
accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In
addition, our collaborators may not comply with these laws. In
the event of an accident or failure to comply with environmental
laws, we could be held liable for damages that result, and any
such liability could exceed our assets and resources. We
maintain liability insurance for some of these risks, but our
policy excludes pollution and has a coverage limit of
$5.0 million.
Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
Use of third parties to manufacture our product candidates
may increase the risk that we will not have sufficient
quantities of our product candidates or such quantities at an
acceptable cost, and clinical development and commercialization
of our product candidates could be delayed, prevented or
impaired.
We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for clinical
or commercial production of our product candidates. We have
limited personnel with experience in drug manufacturing and we
lack the resources and the capabilities to manufacture any of
our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. Our
strategy is to outsource all manufacturing of our product
candidates and products to third parties.
We do not currently have any agreements with third-party
manufacturers for the long-term commercial supply of any of our
product candidates. To date, we have obtained our supply of the
bulk drug substance for both PTC124 and PTC299 from one
third-party manufacturer. We engaged a second manufacturer to
provide the fill and finish services for the finished product
that we are using in our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials of
PTC124 and our Phase 1a clinical trial of PTC299. We are in
the process of negotiating an agreement with a new manufacturer
for the supply of bulk drug substance for our future clinical
trials of PTC124 and PTC299. We may be unable to conclude
agreements for commercial supply with third-party manufacturers,
or may be unable to do so on acceptable terms. Even if we
conclude these agreements, the manufacturers of each product
candidate will be our sole suppliers of our product candidates
for a significant period of time. These are commonly referred to
as single source suppliers.
Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we
would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates or
products ourselves, including:
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reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and
quality assurance; |
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the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third
party because of factors beyond our control; and |
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the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the
third party, based on its own business priorities, at a time
that is costly or inconvenient for us. |
Our manufacturers may not be able to comply with current good
manufacturing practice, or cGMP, regulations or other regulatory
requirements or similar regulatory requirements outside the
United States. Our manufacturers are subject to unannounced
inspections by the FDA, state regulators and similar regulators
outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our
third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations
could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines,
injunctions, civil
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penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing
approval of our product candidates, delays, suspension or
withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls
of product candidates or products, operating restrictions and
criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and
adversely affect supplies of our product candidates.
Our product candidates and any products that we may develop may
compete with other product candidates and products for access to
manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of
manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that are
both capable of manufacturing for us and willing to do so. If
the third parties that we engage to manufacture product for our
preclinical tests and clinical trials should cease to continue
to do so for any reason, we likely would experience delays in
advancing these trials while we identify and qualify replacement
suppliers and we may be unable to obtain replacement supplies on
terms that are favorable to us. In addition, if we are not able
to obtain adequate supplies of our product candidates or the
drug substances used to manufacture them, it will be more
difficult for us to develop our product candidates and compete
effectively.
Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for
the manufacture of our product candidates may adversely affect
our future profit margins and our ability to develop product
candidates and commercialize any products that receive
regulatory approval on a timely and competitive basis.
We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and
those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including
failing to meet established deadlines for the completion of such
trials.
We do not independently conduct clinical trials for our product
candidates. We rely on third parties, such as contract research
organizations, clinical data management organizations, medical
institutions and clinical investigators, to perform this
function. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical
development activities reduces our control over these
activities. We are responsible for ensuring that each of our
clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general
investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the
FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to
as Good Clinical Practices, for conducting, recording, and
reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and
reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights,
integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are
protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control
does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements.
Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships
with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If
these third parties do not successfully carry out their
contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our
clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or
our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be
delayed in obtaining, regulatory approvals for our product
candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our
efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates.
We also rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug
supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the
part of our existing or future distributors could delay clinical
development or regulatory approval of our product candidates or
commercialization of our products, producing additional losses
and depriving us of potential product revenue.
We may not be successful in maintaining or establishing
collaborations, which could adversely affect our ability to
discover, develop and, particularly in international markets,
commercialize products.
For each of our product candidates, we plan to evaluate the
merits of retaining commercialization rights for ourselves or
entering into selective collaboration arrangements with leading
pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies, such as our
collaborations with Schering-Plough and Bausch & Lomb.
We generally plan to seek collaborators for the later stage
development and commercialization of product candidates that
have high potential development costs or that are directed at
indications for which a potential collaborator has a particular
expertise or that involve markets that can be served more
effectively by a large sales and marketing organization. We also
expect to seek to establish collaborations for the sales,
marketing and distribution of our products outside the United
States. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable
collaborators, we may fail to meet our business objectives for
the affected product or program. We face, and will continue to
face, significant competition in seeking appropriate
collaborators. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are
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complex and time consuming to negotiate, document and implement.
We may not be successful in our efforts to establish and
implement collaborations or other alternative arrangements. The
terms of any collaborations or other arrangements that we
establish may not be favorable to us.
Any collaboration that we enter into may not be successful. The
success of our collaboration arrangements will depend heavily on
the efforts and activities of our collaborators. It is likely
that our collaborators will have significant discretion in
determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to
these collaborations. In particular, the successful development
of a product candidate from our hepatitis C virus program
will initially depend on the success of our research
collaboration with Schering-Plough and whether Schering-Plough
declares one or more of the compounds discovered under the
collaboration as development candidates. Thereafter,
Schering-Plough will have significant discretion in the
development and commercialization of any such development
candidate. Schering-Plough may choose not to pursue further
development and commercialization of such development candidates
based on many factors outside of our control, including changes
in Schering-Ploughs strategic focus or available funding,
or external factors such as a merger or acquisition that diverts
resources or creates competing priorities.
The risks that we are subject to in our current collaborations,
and anticipate being subject to in future collaborations,
include the following:
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our collaboration agreements are likely to be for fixed terms
and subject to termination by our collaborators in the event of
a material breach or lack of scientific progress by us; |
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our collaborators are likely to have the first right to maintain
or defend our intellectual property rights and, although we
would likely have the right to assume the maintenance and
defense of our intellectual property rights if our collaborators
do not, our ability to do so may be compromised by our
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our collaborators may utilize our intellectual property rights
in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or
invalidate our intellectual property rights or expose us to
potential liability. |
Collaborations with pharmaceutical companies and other third
parties often are terminated or allowed to expire by the other
party. For example, Schering-Plough has the right to terminate
our hepatitis C virus collaboration at any time after the
third anniversary of the agreement upon prior written notice.
Schering-Plough can also terminate the collaboration if it has
not accepted a development candidate within two years of the
effective date of the agreement. Such terminations or
expirations would adversely affect us financially and could harm
our business reputation.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
If we are unable to obtain and maintain protection for the
intellectual property relating to our technology and products,
the value of our technology and products will be adversely
affected.
Our success will depend in large part on our ability to obtain
and maintain protection in the United States and other countries
for the intellectual property covering or incorporated into our
technology and products. The patent situation in the field of
biotechnology and pharmaceuticals generally is highly uncertain
and involves complex legal and scientific questions. We may not
be able to obtain additional issued patents relating to our
technology or products. Even if issued, patents issued to us or
our licensors may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated, held to
be unenforceable or circumvented, which could limit our ability
to stop competitors from marketing similar products or limit the
length of term of patent protection we may have for our
products. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of
patent laws in the United States and other countries may
diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the
scope of our patent protection.
Our patents also may not afford us protection against
competitors with similar technology. Because patent applications
in the United States and many other jurisdictions are typically
not published until 18 months after filing, or in some
cases not at all, and because publications of discoveries in the
scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries,
neither we nor our licensors can be certain that we or they were
the first to make the inventions claimed in our or their issued
patents or pending patent applications, or that we
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or they were the first to file for protection of the inventions
set forth in these patent applications. If a third party has
also filed a U.S. patent application covering our product
candidates or a similar invention, we may have to participate in
an adversarial proceeding, known as an interference, declared by
the U.S. Patent Office to determine priority of invention in the
United States. The costs of these proceedings could be
substantial and it is possible that our efforts could be
unsuccessful, resulting in a loss of our U.S. patent position.
If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual
property licenses with third parties, we could lose license
rights that are important to our business.
We are a party to a number of license agreements and expect to
enter into additional licenses in the future. Our existing
licenses impose, and we expect that future licenses will impose,
various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and
other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these
obligations, the licensor may have the right to terminate the
license, in which event we might not be able to market any
product that is covered by the licensed patents.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our
proprietary information and know-how, the value of our
technology and products could be adversely affected.
In addition to patented technology, we rely upon unpatented
proprietary technology, processes and know-how. We seek to
protect our unpatented proprietary information in part by
confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and
third parties. These agreements may be breached and we may not
have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our
trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently
developed by competitors. If we are unable to protect the
confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how,
competitors may be able to use this information to develop
products that compete with our products, which could adversely
impact our business.
If we infringe or are alleged to infringe intellectual
property rights of third parties, it will adversely affect our
business.
Our research, development and commercialization activities, as
well as any product candidates or products resulting from these
activities, may infringe or be accused of infringing one or more
claims of an issued patent or may fall within the scope of one
or more claims in a published patent application that may
subsequently issue and to which we do not hold a license or
other rights. Third parties may own or control these patents or
patent applications in the United States and abroad. These third
parties could bring claims against us or our collaborators that
would cause us to incur substantial expenses and, if successful
against us, could cause us to pay substantial damages. Further,
if a patent infringement suit were brought against us or our
collaborators, we or they could be forced to stop or delay
research, development, manufacturing or sales of the product or
product candidate that is the subject of the suit.
With respect to PTC124, we are aware of published U.S. and
international patent applications that purport to disclose or
contain claims to chemical scaffolds that are sufficiently broad
that they could be read to encompass PTC124, even though none of
these applications specifically discloses PTC124. Although none
of these published applications has issued, if a U.S. patent
containing compound claims covering PTC124 is issued to one or
more of these third parties, one or more of these third parties
may bring a patent infringement or other legal proceeding
against us regarding PTC124. We believe that the claims of these
patent applications that could be read to encompass PTC124,
including the allowed claims in a U.S. application, were they to
issue in their current form, would likely be held to be invalid.
In order to successfully challenge the validity of any issued
U.S. patent, we would need to overcome a presumption of
validity. This burden is a high one requiring us to present
clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of these
claims. There is no assurance that a court would find these
claims to be invalid.
With respect to PTC299, we are aware of published U.S. and
international patent applications that purport to disclose or
contain claims to chemical scaffolds that are sufficiently broad
that they could be read to encompass PTC299, even though none of
these applications specifically discloses PTC299. Although none
of these published applications has issued, if a U.S. patent
containing compound claims covering PTC299 is
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issued to one or more of these third parties, one or more of
these third parties may bring a patent infringement or other
legal proceeding against us regarding PTC299. We anticipate that
we would challenge the validity of such a patent claim.
In addition, we believe that our testing of both PTC124 and
PTC299 in clinical trials for the purpose of seeking FDA
approval would be a valid defense against any infringement
claims in the United States based on the availability of a
statutory exemption. However, there can be no assurance that our
interpretation of the statutory exemption would be upheld.
If any patents issued from the patent applications described
above were found to be valid and we were found to infringe any
of them, or any other patent rights of third parties, or in
order to avoid potential claims, we or our potential future
collaborators may choose or be required to seek a license from a
third party and be required to pay license fees or royalties or
both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms,
or at all. Even if we or our collaborators were able to obtain a
license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in
our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual
property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing
a product, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business
operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent
infringement claims, we or our collaborators are unable to enter
into licenses on acceptable terms. This could harm our business
significantly.
There has been substantial litigation and other proceedings
regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the
pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. In addition to
infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other
patent litigation and other proceedings, including interference
proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark
Office and opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office,
regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our
products and technology. The cost to us of any patent litigation
or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be
substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the
costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we
can because of their substantially greater financial resources.
Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of
patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material
adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.
Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb
significant management time.
Many of our employees were previously employed at universities
or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including
our competitors or potential competitors. We try to ensure that
our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how
of others in their work for us. However, we may be subject to
claims that we or these employees have inadvertently or
otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, trade secrets
or other proprietary information of any such employees
former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against
these claims and, even if we are successful in defending
ourselves, could result in substantial costs to us or be
distracting to our management. If we fail to defend any such
claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose
valuable intellectual property rights or personnel.
Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product
Candidates
If we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals,
we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates, and
our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.
Our product candidates, including PTC124 for the treatment of
genetic disorders and PTC299 for the treatment of cancer, and
the activities associated with their development and
commercialization, including their testing, manufacture, safety,
efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval,
advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to
comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory
agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in
other countries. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for a
product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the
product candidate. We have not received regulatory approval to
market any of our product candidates in any jurisdiction. We
have only limited experience in filing and prosecuting the
applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals and expect
to rely on third-party contract research organizations to assist
us in this process. Securing FDA approval requires the
submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and
supporting information to the FDA for each
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therapeutic indication to establish the product candidates
safety and efficacy. Securing FDA approval also requires the
submission of information about the product manufacturing
process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the
FDA. Our future products may not be effective, may be only
moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or
unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics
that may preclude our obtaining regulatory approval or prevent
or limit commercial use.
The process of obtaining regulatory approvals is expensive,
often takes many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can
vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including
the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates
involved. Changes in regulatory approval policies during the
development period, changes in or the enactment of additional
statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for
each submitted product application, may cause delays in the
approval or rejection of an application. The FDA has substantial
discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any
application or may decide that our data is insufficient for
approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other
studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data
obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay,
limit or prevent regulatory approval of a product candidate. Any
regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or
subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render
the approved product not commercially viable.
We may not be able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for our
product candidates. If our competitors are able to obtain orphan
drug exclusivity for their products that are the same drug as
our product candidates, we may not be able to have competing
products approved by the applicable regulatory authority for a
significant period of time.
Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the
United States and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively
small patient populations as orphan drugs. We have obtained
orphan drug designations from the FDA and from the European
Medicines Agency, or EMEA, for our product candidate PTC124 for
the treatment of cystic fibrosis caused by nonsense mutations
and for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by
nonsense mutations. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug
designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval
for the indication for which it has such designation, the
product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which
precludes the EMEA or the FDA from approving another marketing
application for the same drug for that time period. The
applicable period is seven years in the United States and ten
years in Europe. The European exclusivity period can be reduced
to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan
drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable so
that market exclusivity is no longer justified. For a drug
composed of small molecules, the FDA defines same
drug as a drug that contains the same active molecule and
is intended for the same use. Obtaining orphan drug exclusivity
for PTC124 for these indications, both in the United States and
in Europe, may be important to the product candidates
success. If a competitor obtains orphan drug exclusivity for a
product competitive with PTC124 before we do and if the
competitors product is the same drug as ours, we would be
excluded from the market. Even if we obtain orphan drug
exclusivity for PTC124 for these indications, we may not be able
to maintain it. For example, if a competitive product that is
the same drug as our product candidate is shown to be clinically
superior to our product candidate, any orphan drug exclusivity
we have obtained will not block the approval of such competitive
product.
The fast track designation for PTC124 may not actually lead
to a faster development or regulatory review or approval
process.
If a drug is intended for the treatment of a serious or
life-threatening condition and the drug demonstrates the
potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the
drug sponsor may apply for FDA fast track designation. We have
obtained a fast track designation from the FDA for PTC124 for
the treatment of both cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular
dystrophy caused by nonsense mutations. However, we may not
experience a faster development process, review or approval
compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw
our fast track designation if the FDA believes that the
designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical
development program. Our fast track designation does not
guarantee that we will qualify for or be able to take advantage
of the FDAs expedited review procedures.
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Any product for which we obtain marketing approval could be
subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may
be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory
requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our
products, when and if any of them are approved.
Any product for which we obtain marketing approval, along with
the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data,
labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such
product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review
by the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities. These
requirements include submissions of safety and other
post-marketing information and reports, registration
requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control,
quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and
documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to
physicians and recordkeeping. Even if regulatory approval of a
product is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations
on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or
to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for
costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the
safety or efficacy of the product. Later discovery of previously
unknown problems with our products, manufacturers or
manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory
requirements, may result in actions such as:
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restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing
processes; |
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warning letters; |
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withdrawal of the products from the market; |
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refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to
approved applications that we submit; |
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recall; |
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fines; |
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suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals; |
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refusal to permit the import or export of our products; |
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product seizure; or |
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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. |
Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international
jurisdictions would prevent us from marketing our products
abroad.
We intend to have our products marketed outside the United
States. In order to market our products in the European Union
and many other jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory
approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory
requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and
can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain
approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval.
The regulatory approval process outside the United States may
include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval.
In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it is
required that the product be approved for reimbursement before
the product can be approved for sale in that country. We may not
obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United
States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does
not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries
or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority
outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory
authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA.
We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not
receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any
market.
Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth
Our future success depends on our ability to retain our chief
executive officer and other key executives and to attract,
retain and motivate qualified personnel.
We are highly dependent on Dr. Stuart W. Peltz, our
co-founder, President and Chief Executive Officer, and the other
principal members of our executive and scientific teams. The
loss of the services of any of these
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persons might impede the achievement of our research,
development and commercialization objectives. We do not maintain
key person insurance on Dr. Peltz or on any of
our other executive officers.
Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel,
clinical personnel and sales and marketing personnel will also
be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and
retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition
among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for
similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring
of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and
research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and
advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist
us in formulating our research and development and
commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be
employed by employers other than us and may have commitments
under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that
may limit their availability to us.
We expect to expand our development, regulatory and sales and
marketing capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter
difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our
operations.
We expect to experience significant growth in the number of our
employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the
areas of drug development, regulatory affairs and sales and
marketing. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must
continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational
and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to
recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our
limited financial resources and the inexperience of our
management team in managing a company with such anticipated
growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion
of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified
personnel. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to
significant costs and may divert our management and business
development resources. Any inability to manage growth could
delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our
operations.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock and This Offering
After this offering, our executive officers, directors and
principal stockholders will maintain the ability to control all
matters submitted to stockholders for approval.
When this offering is completed, our executive officers,
directors and stockholders who owned more than 5% of our
outstanding common stock before this offering will, in the
aggregate, beneficially own shares representing
approximately % of our capital
stock. As a result, if these stockholders were to choose to act
together, they would be able to control all matters submitted to
our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and
affairs. For example, these persons, if they choose to act
together, will control the election of directors and approval of
any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of
our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or
prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other
stockholders may desire.
Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under
Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be
beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent
attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current
management.
Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws that will
become effective upon the closing of this offering may
discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other
change in control of us that stockholders may consider
favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise
receive a premium for your shares. These provisions could also
limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the
future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the
market price of our common stock. In addition, these provisions
may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to
replace or remove our current management by making it more
difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of
directors. Because our board of directors is responsible for
appointing the members of our management team, these provisions
could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace
current members of our management team. Among others, these
provisions:
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establish a classified board of directors such that not all
members of the board are elected at one time; |
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allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only
by resolution of our board of directors; |
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limit the manner in which stockholders can remove directors from
the board; |
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establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals
that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to
our board of directors; |
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require that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly
called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our
stockholders by written consent; |
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limit who may call stockholder meetings; |
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authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock
without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a
poison pill that would work to dilute the stock
ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively
preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board
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require the approval of the holders of at least 75% of the votes
that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or
repeal certain provisions of our charter or bylaws. |
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are
governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware
General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in
excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or
combining with us for a period of three years after the date of
the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of
our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination
is approved in a prescribed manner.
If you purchase shares of common stock in this offering, you
will suffer immediate dilution of your investment.
We expect the initial public offering price of our common stock
to be substantially higher than the net tangible book value per
share of our common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of
our common stock in this offering, you will pay a price per
share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per
share after this offering. To the extent outstanding options or
warrants are exercised, you will incur further dilution. Based
on an assumed initial public offering price of
$ per
share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the
cover page of this prospectus, you will experience immediate
dilution of
$ per
share, representing the difference between our pro forma net
tangible book value per share after giving effect to this
offering and the assumed initial public offering price. In
addition, purchasers of common stock in this offering will have
contributed approximately % of the
aggregate price paid by all purchasers of our stock but will own
only approximately % of our common
stock outstanding after this offering.
An active trading market for our common stock may not
develop.
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our
common stock. The initial public offering price for our common
stock will be determined through negotiations with the
underwriters. Although we have applied to have our common stock
approved for quotation on The Nasdaq National Market, an active
trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained
following this offering. If an active market for our common
stock does not develop, it may be difficult for you to sell
shares you purchase in this offering without depressing the
market price for the shares or at all.
If our stock price is volatile, purchasers of our common
stock could incur substantial losses.
Our stock price is likely to be volatile. The stock market in
general and the market for biotechnology companies in particular
have experienced extreme volatility that has often been
unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies.
As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to
sell their
22
common stock at or above the initial public offering price. The
market price for our common stock may be influenced by many
factors, including:
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results of clinical trials of our product candidates or those of
our competitors; |
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|
regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other
countries; |
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|
variations in our financial results or those of companies that
are perceived to be similar to us; |
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changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems; |
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|
market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology
sectors and issuance of new or changed securities analysts
reports or recommendations; |
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|
general economic, industry and market conditions; and |
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|
the other factors described in this Risk Factors
section. |
We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from
this offering and may not use them effectively.
Our management will have broad discretion in the application of
the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds
in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance
the value of our common stock. The failure by our management to
apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses
that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause
the price of our common stock to decline and delay the
development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we may
invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does
not produce income or that loses value.
We have never paid cash dividends on our capital stock and we
do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable
future.
We have paid no cash dividends on our capital stock to date. We
currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund
the development and growth of our business. In addition, the
terms of existing or any future debt agreements may preclude us
from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if
any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for
the foreseeable future.
A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are
restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market
in the near future. This could cause the market price of our
common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is
doing well.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in
the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the
perception in the market that the holders of a large number of
shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of
our common stock. After this offering, we will have
outstanding shares
of common stock based on the number of shares outstanding as of
March 15, 2006. This includes the shares that we are
selling in this offering, which may be resold in the public
market immediately. Of the remaining
shares, shares
are currently restricted as a result of securities laws or
lock-up agreements but
will be able to be sold after the offering as described in the
Shares Eligible for Future Sale section of this
prospectus. Moreover, after this offering, holders of an
aggregate
of shares
of our common stock will have rights, subject to some
conditions, to require us to file registration statements
covering their shares or to include their shares in registration
statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders.
We also intend to register all shares of common stock that we
may issue under our equity compensation plans. Once we register
these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon
issuance, subject to the
lock-up agreements
described in the Underwriters section of this
prospectus.
23
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve
substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than
statements of historical facts, included in this prospectus
regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial
position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and
objectives of management are forward-looking statements. The
words anticipate, believe,
estimate, expect, intend,
may, plan, predict,
project, will, would and
similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking
statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain
these identifying words.
The forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, among
other things, statements about:
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our plans to develop and commercialize PTC124 and PTC299; |
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our collaborations with Schering-Plough and Bausch &
Lomb; |
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|
our ongoing and planned discovery programs, preclinical studies
and clinical trials; |
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the potential benefits of our existing collaboration agreements
and our ability to enter into selective additional collaboration
arrangements; |
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the timing of and our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory
approvals for our product candidates; |
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the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of
our products; |
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our ability to quickly and efficiently identify and develop
product candidates; |
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the extent to which our scientific approach may potentially
address a broad range of diseases across multiple therapeutic
areas; |
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|
our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities
and strategy; |
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our intellectual property position; and |
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our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital
requirements and needs for additional financing. |
We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or
expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and
you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking
statements. Actual results or events could differ materially
from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the
forward-looking statements we make. We have included important
factors in the cautionary statements included in this
prospectus, particularly in the Risk Factors
section, that we believe could cause actual results or events to
differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we
make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the
potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers,
dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.
You should read this prospectus and the documents that we
reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part
completely and with the understanding that our actual future
results may be materially different from what we expect. We do
not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking
statements.
24
USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that the net proceeds from our issuance and sale
of shares
of common stock in this offering will be approximately
$ million,
assuming an initial public offering price of
$ per
share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the
cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated
underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses
payable by us. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed
initial public offering price of
$ per
share would increase (decrease) our net proceeds from this
offering by approximately
$ million,
assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth
on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after
deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.
If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in
full, we estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering
will be approximately
$ million,
assuming an initial public offering price of
$ per
share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the
cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated
underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses
payable by us.
We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering as follows:
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approximately
$ million
to fund a portion of our development activities for PTC124,
including the ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 for
the treatment of cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy
and potential later stage clinical trials if our Phase 2
trials are successful; |
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approximately
$ million
to fund a portion of our development activities for PTC299,
including our Phase 1a clinical trial in healthy volunteers
and our planned Phase 1b clinical trial in cancer patients; |
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|
approximately
$ million
to fund research and development for our discovery
programs; and |
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|
the balance, if any, to fund working capital, capital
expenditures and other general corporate purposes, which may
include the acquisition or licensing of complementary
technologies, products or businesses. |
This expected use of net proceeds of this offering represents
our intentions based upon our current plans and business
conditions. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures
depend on numerous factors, including the ongoing status of and
results from clinical trials and other studies for PTC124 and
PTC299, as well as the development of our preclinical product
pipeline, any collaborations we may enter into with third
parties for our product candidates and any unforeseen cash
needs. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion
over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering. We
do not expect the net proceeds from this offering and our other
available funds to be sufficient to fund the completion of the
development of our lead product candidates, and we expect that
we will need to raise additional funds prior to being able to
market any products. We have no current plans, agreements or
commitments for any material acquisitions or licenses of any
technologies, products or businesses.
Pending use of the proceeds from this offering, we intend to
invest the proceeds in a variety of capital preservation
investments, including short-term, investment-grade,
interest-bearing instruments.
DIVIDEND POLICY
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital
stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings
to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not
intend to pay cash dividends to our stockholders in the
foreseeable future.
25
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and
short-term investments and our capitalization as of
December 31, 2005:
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on an actual basis; |
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|
on a pro forma basis to give effect to the automatic conversion
of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock into an
aggregate of 13,504,722 shares of common stock upon the
closing of this offering; and |
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|
on a pro forma as adjusted basis to give further effect to our
issuance and sale
of shares
of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public
offering price of
$ per
share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the
cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated
underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses
payable by us. |
The pro forma information below is illustrative only and our
capitalization following the closing of this offering will be
adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and
other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should
read this table together with Managements Discussion
and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations and our financial statements and the related
notes appearing at the end of this prospectus.
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As of December 31, 2005 | |
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| |
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|
Pro Forma | |
|
|
Actual | |
|
Pro Forma | |
|
As Adjusted | |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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(in thousands) | |
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(unaudited) | |
Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments(1)
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$ |
37,840 |
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|
$ |
37,840 |
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|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
Long-term debt, net of current portion
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$ |
804 |
|
|
$ |
804 |
|
|
$ |
|
|
Stockholders equity:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series A convertible preferred stock, par value
$0.001 per share; 750,000 shares authorized, issued
and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued or
outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted
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|
750 |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
Series B convertible preferred stock, par value
$0.001 per share; 187,500 shares authorized, issued
and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued or
outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted
|
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|
365 |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series C convertible preferred stock, par value
$0.001 per share; 6,295,000 shares authorized and
6,000,000 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares
authorized, issued or outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as
adjusted
|
|
|
14,117 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series D convertible preferred stock, par value
$0.001 per share; 13,800,000 shares authorized and
13,095,769 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares
authorized, issued or outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as
adjusted
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|
39,282 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
Series E convertible preferred stock, par value
$0.001 per share; 128,242,850 shares authorized and
125,740,607 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no
shares authorized, issued or outstanding, pro forma and pro
forma as adjusted
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|
|
49,048 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series E-2 convertible preferred stock, par value
$0.001 per share; 4,132,232 shares authorized and
3,670,138 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares
authorized, issued or outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as
adjusted
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|
26,511 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share; no shares
authorized, issued or outstanding, actual and pro
forma; shares
authorized and no shares issued or outstanding, pro forma as
adjusted
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|
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share;
18,228,538 shares authorized, actual and pro forma;
6,943 shares issued and outstanding, actual;
13,511,665 shares issued and outstanding, pro
forma; shares
authorized
and shares
issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted
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|
14 |
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|
Additional paid-in capital(1)
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|
506 |
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|
130,565 |
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Accumulated other comprehensive loss
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|
(34 |
) |
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|
(34 |
) |
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Deficit accumulated during the development stage
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(92,144 |
) |
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|
(92,144 |
) |
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|
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|
|
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|
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|
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|
Total stockholders equity(1)
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38,401 |
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|
38,401 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
Total capitalization(1)
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$ |
39,205 |
|
|
$ |
39,205 |
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|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public
offering price of
$ per share
would increase (decrease) each of cash and cash equivalents and
short-term investments, additional paid-in capital, total
stockholders equity and total capitalization by
approximately
$ million,
assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth
on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after
deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. |
26
The table above does not include:
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2,064,958 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of
options outstanding as of December 31, 2005 at a weighted
average exercise price of $2.28 per share; |
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|
277,151 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise
of warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2005 at a
weighted average exercise price of $17.86 per share; |
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|
an aggregate
of shares
of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2006
equity plan as of the closing of this offering; and |
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|
an aggregate
of shares
of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2006
employee stock purchase plan as of the closing of this offering. |
27
DILUTION
If you invest in our common stock, your interest will be diluted
immediately to the extent of the difference between the public
offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma
net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this
offering.
The historical net tangible book value of our common stock as of
December 31, 2005 was approximately
$ million
or
$ per
share, based on 6,943 shares of common stock outstanding as
of December 31, 2005. Historical net tangible book value
per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets
less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of
common stock outstanding.
Our pro forma net tangible book value as of December 31,
2005 was approximately
$ million,
or
$ per
share of common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value per
share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less
total liabilities, divided by the pro forma number of shares of
common stock outstanding after giving effect to the automatic
conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock into
an aggregate of 13,504,722 shares of common stock upon the
closing of this offering.
After giving effect to our issuance and sale
of shares
of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public
offering price of
$ per
share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the
cover page of this prospectus, less the estimated underwriting
discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us,
our pro forma net tangible book value as of December 31,
2005 would have been approximately
$ million
or
$ per
share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net
tangible book value of
$ per
share to our existing stockholders and immediate dilution in pro
forma net tangible book value of
$ per
share to new investors purchasing common stock in this offering
at the initial public offering price. Dilution per share to new
investors is determined by subtracting pro forma net tangible
book value per share after this offering from the initial public
offering price per share paid by a new investor. The following
table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:
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Assumed initial public offering price per share
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$ |
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|
Historical net tangible book value per share as of
December 31, 2005
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$ |
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|
Increase attributable to the conversion of outstanding preferred
stock
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Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of
December 31, 2005
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Increase per share attributable to new investors
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Pro forma net tangible book value per share after this offering
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|
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|
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Dilution per share to new investors
|
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|
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|
$ |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public
offering price of
$ per
share would increase (decrease) our pro forma net tangible book
value after the offering by approximately
$ million,
our pro forma net tangible book value per share after this
offering by approximately
$ and
dilution per share to new investors by approximately
$ ,
assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth
on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after
deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.
If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option or if
any shares are issued in connection with outstanding options or
warrants, you will experience further dilution.
28
The following table summarizes as of December 31, 2005 the
number of shares purchased from us after giving effect to the
automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred
stock into an aggregate of 13,504,722 shares of common
stock upon the closing of this offering, the total consideration
paid and the average price per share paid, or to be paid, to us
by existing stockholders and by new investors in this offering
at an assumed initial public offering price of
$ per
share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the
cover page of this prospectus, before deducting estimated
underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses
payable by us.
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|
Shares Purchased | |
|
Total Consideration | |
|
Average | |
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|
| |
|
| |
|
Price per | |
|
|
Number | |
|
Percentage | |
|
Amount | |
|
Percentage | |
|
Share | |
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| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Existing stockholders
|
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|
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|
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% |
|
$ |
|
|
New investors
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
100 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public
offering price of
$ per
share would increase (decrease) the total consideration paid by
new investors by
$ million
and increase (decrease) the percentage of total consideration
paid by new investors by
approximately %, assuming that the
number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page
of this prospectus, remains the same.
The table above is based on 6,943 shares of common stock
outstanding as of December 31, 2005 and an additional
13,504,722 shares of common stock issuable upon the
automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred
stock upon the closing of this offering and excludes:
|
|
|
|
|
2,064,958 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of
stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2005 at a
weighted average exercise price of $2.28 per share; |
|
|
|
277,151 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise
of warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2006 at a
weighted average exercise price of $17.86 per share; |
|
|
|
an aggregate
of shares
of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2006
equity plan as of the closing of this offering; and |
|
|
|
an aggregate
of shares
of common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2006
employee stock purchase plan as of the closing of this offering. |
If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in
full, the following will occur:
|
|
|
|
|
the percentage of shares of common stock held by existing
stockholders will decrease to
approximately % of the total
number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this
offering; and |
|
|
|
the pro forma as adjusted number of shares held by new investors
will be increased
to ,
or approximately %, of the total
pro forma as adjusted number of shares of our common stock
outstanding after this offering. |
29
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
You should read the following selected financial data together
with our financial statements and the related notes appearing at
the end of this prospectus and the Managements
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations section of this prospectus. We have derived the
statements of operations data for the years ended
December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 and for the period from
March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31, 2005,
and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2004 and 2005
from our audited financial statements, which are included in
this prospectus. We have derived the consolidated statements of
operations data for the years ended December 31, 2001 and
2002 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of
December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003 from our audited financial
statements, which are not included in this prospectus. The
cumulative statements of operations data for the period from
March 31, 1998 (inception) through December 31,
2005 includes amounts for the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2001, which were audited
by auditors who have ceased operations. As described in
note 2(o) to our financial statements included elsewhere in
this prospectus, those financial statements have been restated.
KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm,
audited the adjustments described in note 2(o) that were
applied to restate the cumulative financial statements for the
period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to
December 31, 2001. In KPMGs opinion, such adjustments
are appropriate and have been properly applied. Our historical
results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of
results to be expected for any future period.
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Period from | |
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|
March 31, 1998 | |
|
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
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(Inception) to | |
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| |
|
December 31, | |
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|
2001 | |
|
2002 | |
|
2003 | |
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
(in thousands, except share and per share data) | |
|
|
Statements of Operations Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Revenues
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
180 |
|
|
$ |
756 |
|
|
$ |
1,606 |
|
|
$ |
4,967 |
|
|
$ |
7,669 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
|
|
5,808 |
|
|
|
10,238 |
|
|
|
17,695 |
|
|
|
20,070 |
|
|
|
21,123 |
|
|
|
76,970 |
|
|
General and administrative
|
|
|
3,395 |
|
|
|
4,165 |
|
|
|
4,693 |
|
|
|
6,023 |
|
|
|
7,944 |
|
|
|
27,231 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total operating expenses
|
|
|
9,203 |
|
|
|
14,403 |
|
|
|
22,388 |
|
|
|
26,093 |
|
|
|
29,067 |
|
|
|
104,201 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loss from operations
|
|
|
(9,203 |
) |
|
|
(14,223 |
) |
|
|
(21,632 |
) |
|
|
(24,487 |
) |
|
|
(24,100 |
) |
|
|
(96,532 |
) |
Interest income
|
|
|
1,043 |
|
|
|
769 |
|
|
|
317 |
|
|
|
579 |
|
|
|
854 |
|
|
|
3,998 |
|
Interest expense
|
|
|
(54 |
) |
|
|
(270 |
) |
|
|
(358 |
) |
|
|
(184 |
) |
|
|
(141 |
) |
|
|
(1,007 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loss before tax benefit
|
|
|
(8,214 |
) |
|
|
(13,724 |
) |
|
|
(21,673 |
) |
|
|
(24,092 |
) |
|
|
(23,387 |
) |
|
|
(93,541 |
) |
Tax benefit
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
232 |
|
|
|
235 |
|
|
|
451 |
|
|
|
479 |
|
|
|
1,397 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loss applicable to common stockholders
|
|
$ |
(8,214 |
) |
|
$ |
(13,492 |
) |
|
$ |
(21,438 |
) |
|
$ |
(23,641 |
) |
|
$ |
(22,908 |
) |
|
$ |
(92,144 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic and diluted loss per share applicable to common
stockholders
|
|
$ |
(134,477 |
) |
|
$ |
(201,365 |
) |
|
$ |
(315,259 |
) |
|
$ |
(347,670 |
) |
|
$ |
(9,925 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares used to compute basic and diluted loss per share
applicable to common stockholders
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
67 |
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
2,308 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per common share (unaudited)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
(2.11 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares used to compute pro forma basic and diluted net loss per
common share (unaudited)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,831,634 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, | |
|
|
| |
|
|
2001 | |
|
2002 | |
|
2003 | |
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
(in thousands) | |
Balance Sheet Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments
|
|
$ |
32,507 |
|
|
$ |
24,599 |
|
|
$ |
41,570 |
|
|
$ |
32,987 |
|
|
$ |
37,840 |
|
Working capital
|
|
|
31,669 |
|
|
|
22,119 |
|
|
|
37,045 |
|
|
|
29,580 |
|
|
|
34,331 |
|
Total assets
|
|
|
44,401 |
|
|
|
34,800 |
|
|
|
49,054 |
|
|
|
38,968 |
|
|
|
43,974 |
|
Long-term debt, net of current portion
|
|
|
621 |
|
|
|
2,728 |
|
|
|
846 |
|
|
|
205 |
|
|
|
804 |
|
Deficit accumulated during the development stage
|
|
|
(10,666 |
) |
|
|
(24,157 |
) |
|
|
(45,595 |
) |
|
|
(69,237 |
) |
|
|
(92,144 |
) |
Total stockholders equity
|
|
|
42,340 |
|
|
|
28,896 |
|
|
|
43,275 |
|
|
|
34,613 |
|
|
|
38,401 |
|
31
MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our
financial condition and results of operations together with our
financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end
of this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this
discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this
prospectus, including information with respect to our plans and
strategy for our business and related financing, includes
forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.
You should read the Risk Factors section of this
prospectus for a discussion of important factors that could
cause actual results to differ materially from the results
described in or implied by the forward-looking statements
contained in the following discussion and analysis.
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and
development of orally administered, proprietary small-molecule
drugs that target post-transcriptional control processes. Our
current pipeline of clinical and preclinical product candidates
addresses multiple indications, including genetic disorders,
oncology and infectious diseases. Our three most advanced
product development programs are:
|
|
|
|
|
PTC124 for genetic disorders. We are currently
conducting two Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 in
patients with cystic fibrosis and one Phase 2 clinical
trial of PTC124 in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in
cases in which a nonsense mutation is the cause of the disease.
We have conducted an interim analysis of data from
15 patients who have completed their participation in our
cystic fibrosis trials. |
|
|
|
|
PTC299 for oncology. In April 2006, we commenced a
Phase 1a clinical trial of PTC299 in healthy volunteers in
Belgium. If this Phase 1a trial is successful, we plan to
initiate a Phase 1b clinical trial of PTC299 in late 2006
in patients with advanced solid tumors whose disease has
progressed during therapy or for whom there is no effective
therapy available. |
|
|
|
|
|
Hepatitis C development program. In March 2006, we
entered into a collaboration with Schering-Plough Corporation
for the development and commercialization of our compounds for
the potential treatment of hepatitis C. |
|
We are also conducting discovery programs focused on identifying
new treatments for multiple therapeutic areas, including
bacterial infections, anemia and musculoskeletal conditions.
We have generated significant losses as we have progressed our
lead product candidates into clinical development and expect to
continue to generate losses as we continue the clinical
development of PTC124 and PTC299. Our net loss for 2005 was
$22.9 million. As of December 31, 2005, we had a
deficit accumulated during the development stage of
$92.1 million.
Financial Operations Overview
To date, we have not generated any product sale revenues. We
have funded our operations primarily through the sale of equity
securities, capital lease and equipment financings, foundation
and government grants and collaboration revenues. Our revenues
for 2005 were approximately $5.0 million, consisting
primarily of grant revenues.
We have received grant funding from a variety of foundations and
government agencies, including Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
Therapeutics, Inc., the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Parent
Project Muscular Dystrophy and the National Institutes of
Health. Grants are awarded on a project basis. We recognize
grant revenues as we receive funding or when preclinical,
clinical or regulatory milestones are met.
In March 2006, we entered into a collaboration and license
agreement with a subsidiary of Schering-Plough Corporation under
which we and Schering-Plough are collaborating in the discovery,
development and
32
commercialization of compounds for the treatment of HCV and
other viral diseases. Pursuant to the collaboration agreement,
Schering-Plough paid us an upfront non-refundable payment of
$12.0 million. Our agreement with Schering-Plough provides
for a research collaboration, in connection with which
Schering-Plough has agreed to provide us with funding, based on
a full-time equivalent rate, for an agreed upon number of
full-time equivalent scientific or research and development
personnel that we dedicate to the research program. The initial
research term is three years. Schering-Plough has two options to
extend the research term for an additional term of one year per
option. Schering-Plough can terminate the research term in
specified circumstances. Schering-Plough is responsible for
worldwide clinical development and commercialization of any
compounds that it elects to advance from our research
collaboration. We are eligible to receive more than
$200 million in payments if we achieve specified
development, regulatory and sales milestones. We are also
entitled to royalties on sales of products developed pursuant to
the collaboration, with the royalty percentage based on
specified thresholds of worldwide net product sales.
In December 2005, we entered into a research collaboration and
exclusive option agreement with Bausch & Lomb under
which Bausch & Lomb is evaluating compounds in our
anti-angiogenesis program for the purpose of identifying
potential candidates for development by Bausch & Lomb
for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases associated with
angiogenesis, including macular degeneration. Under the terms of
the agreement, we granted Bausch & Lomb exclusive
options to license selected compounds. Bausch & Lomb
has one year from the date of the agreement to exercise any such
option. In exchange for the one-year options, Bausch &
Lomb paid us an upfront non-refundable option grant fee of
$300,000 and agreed to provide us with research funding during
the option term to compensate us for completing agreed research.
Bausch & Lomb has the right to extend the option term
with respect to certain specified compounds for an additional
six months in exchange for an extension fee. As of
December 31, 2005, we had recognized $50,000 of revenue
pursuant to the agreement.
|
|
|
Research and Development Expense |
Research and development expenses consist of the costs
associated with our research activities, as well as the costs
associated with our drug discovery efforts, conducting
preclinical studies and clinical trials, manufacturing
development efforts and activities related to regulatory
filings. Our research and development expenses consist of:
|
|
|
|
|
external research and development expenses incurred under
agreements with third-party contract research organizations and
investigative sites, third-party manufacturing organizations and
consultants; |
|
|
|
employee-related expenses, which include salaries and benefits
for the personnel involved in our drug discovery and development
activities; and |
|
|
|
facilities, depreciation and other allocated expenses, which
include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance
of facilities, depreciation of leasehold improvements and
equipment, and laboratory and other supplies. |
We use our employee and infrastructure resources across multiple
research projects, including our drug development programs. We
track expenses related to our clinical programs on a per project
basis. Accordingly, we allocate internal employee-related and
infrastructure costs, as well as third-party costs, to each
clinical program. We do not allocate expenses related to
preclinical programs.
33
The following table summarizes our principal product development
programs, including the related stages of development for each
product candidate in development and the research and
development expenses allocated to each clinical product
candidate. The information in the column labeled Estimated
Completion of Current Trial is our estimate of the timing
of completion of the current clinical trial or trials for the
particular product candidate. The actual timing of completion
could differ materially from the estimates provided in the table.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Development Expenses | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estimated | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Completion | |
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|
|
|
Phase of | |
|
of Current | |
|
| |
Product Candidate |
|
Indication | |
|
Development | |
|
Trial | |
|
2003 | |
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands) | |
Clinical development:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PTC124
|
|
Cystic Fibrosis; Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy |
|
|
Phase 2 |
|
|
|
2006 |
|
|
$ |
2,642 |
|
|
$ |
6,018 |
|
|
$ |
5,132 |
|
|
PTC299
|
|
|
Cancer |
|
|
|
Phase 1a |
|
|
|
2006 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
83 |
|
|
|
2,021 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total clinical development |
|
|
2,642 |
|
|
|
6,101 |
|
|
|
7,153 |
|
Research and preclinical |
|
|
15,053 |
|
|
|
13,969 |
|
|
|
13,970 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total research and development |
|
$ |
17,695 |
|
|
$ |
20,070 |
|
|
$ |
21,123 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The successful development of our product candidates is highly
uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know
the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will
be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of, or
the period, if any, in which material net cash inflows may
commence from, PTC124, PTC299 or any of our preclinical product
candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties
associated with developing drugs, including the uncertainty of:
|
|
|
|
|
the scope, rate of progress and expense of our clinical trials
and other research and development activities; |
|
|
|
the potential benefits of our product candidates over other
therapies; |
|
|
|
our ability to market, commercialize and achieve market
acceptance for any of our product candidates that we are
developing or may develop in the future; |
|
|
|
future clinical trial results; |
|
|
|
the terms and timing of regulatory approvals; and |
|
|
|
the expense of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any
patent claims and other intellectual property rights. |
A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect
to the development of a product candidate could mean a
significant change in the costs and timing associated with the
development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA
or other regulatory authority were to require us to conduct
clinical trials beyond those which we currently anticipate will
be required for the completion of clinical development of a
product candidate or if we experience significant delays in
enrollment in any our clinical trials, we could be required to
expend significant additional financial resources and time on
the completion of clinical development.
|
|
|
General and Administrative Expense |
General and administrative expense consists primarily of
salaries and other related costs for personnel, including
stock-based compensation expenses, in our executive, legal,
business development, finance, accounting information technology
and human resource functions. Other general and administrative
expenses include facility-related costs not otherwise included
in research and development expense; advertising and
34
promotional expenses; costs associated with industry and trade
shows; and professional fees for legal services, including
patent-related expenses, and accounting services.
We expect that general and administrative expense will increase
in 2006 and in future periods as a result of increased payroll,
expanded infrastructure, increased consulting, legal, accounting
and investor relations expenses associated with being a public
company and costs incurred to seek collaborations with respect
to any of our product candidates.
|
|
|
Interest Income and Interest Expense |
Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash
equivalents and short-term investments. Interest expense
consists of interest incurred to finance equipment, office
furniture and fixtures.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and
Estimates
Our managements discussion and analysis of our financial
condition and results of operations is based on our financial
statements, which we have prepared in accordance with
U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The
preparation of these financial statements requires us to make
estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of
assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets
and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well
as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting
periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and
judgments, including those described in greater detail below. We
base our estimates on historical experience and on various other
factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances,
the results of which form the basis for making judgments about
the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not
readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ
from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
While our significant accounting policies are more fully
described in Note 2 to our financial statements appearing
at the end of this prospectus, we believe that the following
accounting policies are the most critical to aid you in fully
understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results
of operations.
We recognize grant revenues as we receive the funding or when
preclinical, clinical or regulatory milestones are met. Grant
revenues are not refundable.
As described above, our collaboration agreements contain
multiple elements, including non-refundable up-front license
fees, research payments for ongoing research and development,
payments associated with achieving development and regulatory
milestones and royalties to be paid based on specified
percentages of net product sales, if any. We consider a variety
of factors in determining the appropriate method of revenue
recognition under these arrangements, such as whether the
elements are separable, whether there are determinable fair
values and whether there is a unique earnings process associated
with a particular element of an agreement.
We recognize revenue from non-refundable, up-front fees ratably
over the term of our performance under the agreements. These
payments are recorded as deferred revenue pending recognition.
We recognize revenue related to research payments for ongoing
research and development as the services are performed.
Generally, the payments received are not refundable and are
based on contractual cost per full-time equivalent employee
working on the project. We have not yet received any payments
associated with achieving development and regulatory milestones,
nor have we yet received royalties on net product sales.
As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we
are required to estimate accrued expenses. This process involves
communicating with our applicable personnel to identify services
that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level
of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the
service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified
of actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us
monthly in arrears for services performed. We make estimates of
our accrued
35
expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial
statements based on facts and circumstances known to us.
Examples of estimated accrued expenses include:
|
|
|
|
|
fees paid to contract research organizations in connection with
preclinical and toxicology studies and clinical trials; |
|
|
|
fees paid to investigative sites in connection with clinical
trials; |
|
|
|
fees paid to contract manufacturers in connection with the
production of clinical trial materials; and |
|
|
|
professional service fees. |
Through December 31, 2005, in accordance with Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 123,
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, we elected to
account for stock-based employee compensation using the
intrinsic-value method under Accounting Principles Board, or
APB, Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to
Employees, and related interpretations. As such, we did not
record expense on employee stock options granted when the
exercise price of the options was equal to the fair value of the
underlying stock on the date of the grant. Pro forma information
regarding net loss and loss per share is required by
SFAS No. 123 and has been determined as if we had
accounted for employee stock option grants under the fair value
method prescribed by that statement. Information with regard to
the number of options granted, market price of the grants,
vesting requirements and the maximum term of the options granted
appears in Note 2 to our financial statements. Stock-based
payments to non-employees are measured at the fair value of the
stock-based instruments issued or the fair value of the goods or
services received, whichever is more readily determinable.
For stock-based payments to both employees and non-employees,
the fair value of the stock is a significant factor in
determining credits or charges to operations. Because, prior to
this offering, our shares have not been publicly traded, we must
estimate the fair value of our common stock. There is no
certainty that the results of our estimation would be the value
at which the shares would be traded for cash. Factors that we
consider in determining the fair value of our common stock
include:
|
|
|
|
|
pricing of private sales of our preferred stock; |
|
|
|
prior valuations of stock grants and preferred stock sales and
the effect of events, including the progression of our product
candidates, that have occurred between the time of the grants or
sales; |
|
|
|
comparative rights and preferences of the security being granted
compared to the rights and preferences of our other outstanding
equity; |
|
|
|
comparative values of public companies discounted for the risk
and limited liquidity provided for in the shares we are issuing; |
|
|
|
perspective provided by unrelated valuation specialists; |
|
|
|
perspective provided by investment banks, including the
likelihood of an initial public offering and our potential value
in an initial public offering; and |
|
|
|
general economic trends. |
Our board of directors has historically determined the fair
value of our equity instruments, excluding preferred stock,
based upon information available to it on the measurement dates.
In connection with our grant of stock options in February 2005
and in February 2006, we performed a concurrent analysis to
determine the fair market value of our common stock. We
performed our analysis in accordance with applicable elements of
the practice aid issued by the American Institute of Certified
Public Accountants entitled Valuation of Privately Held
Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. We used
two primary valuation methodologies within the income approach
to determine our enterprise valuation. First, we used a
probability-weighted income approach that reduced our estimated
cash flows based on the probability of successfully completing
clinical trials. Second, we employed a traditional income
approach that analyzed our manage-
36
ments internal operating forecast without directly
adjusting cash flows for the probability of success. We then
weighted the probability-weighted income approach and the
traditional income approach equally to arrive at a single
enterprise value. Finally, we used that enterprise value in an
option-pricing model to calculate the value of our outstanding
common stock.
In December 2004, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or
FASB, issued SFAS No. 123(R), Share-Based
Payment. SFAS No. 123(R) supersedes
SFAS No. 123, APB Opinion No. 25 and its related
implementation guidance. SFAS No. 123(R) will require
compensation costs related to share-based payment transactions
to be recognized in our financial statements. We will measure
the amount of compensation cost based on the grant-date fair
value of the equity or liability instruments issued. We will
recognize compensation cost over the period that an employee
provides service in exchange for the award.
SFAS No. 123(R) is effective as of the beginning of
the first interim or annual reporting period that begins after
December 15, 2005. We cannot predict the full impact of
adoption of SFAS No. 123(R) because it will depend on
levels of share-based payments that we grant in the future. We
have not yet determined the impact that implementing
SFAS No. 123(R) will have on our results of operations
or financial condition.
As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we
are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the
jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves
estimating our actual current tax exposure together with
assessing temporary differences resulting from differing
treatments of items for tax and accounting purposes. These
differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities. As of
December 31, 2005, we had federal net operating loss
carryforwards of $52.5 million, which expire starting in
2018, and federal research and development credit carryforwards
of $3.7 million. We also had state net operating loss
carryforwards of $49.7 million, which expire starting in
2009, and state research and development credit carryforwards of
$2.8 million. At December 31, 2005, we recorded a full
valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset of
approximately $45.5 million, as our management believes it
cannot at this time conclude that it is more likely than not
they will be realized. If we determine in the future that we
will be able to realize all or a portion of our net deferred tax
asset, an adjustment to the deferred tax valuation allowance
would increase net income in the period in which we make such a
determination. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 contains provisions
that may limit the utilization of net operating loss credit
carryforwards available to be used in any given year in the
event of a change in ownership.
Results of Operations
|
|
|
Year Ended December 31, 2005 Compared to Year Ended
December 31, 2004 |
Revenues. Revenues were $5.0 million in 2005, an
increase of $3.4 million from revenues of $1.6 million
in 2004. The increase resulted primarily from a significant
increase in the number of grants and the dollar value of the
grants that we received in 2005. In particular, in 2005 we
received grants totaling $2.7 million from two patient
advocacy groups, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics, Inc.
and the Muscular Dystrophy Association, related to the clinical
development of PTC124. We continue to seek additional grant
revenue opportunities.
Research and Development Expense. Research and
development expense was $21.1 million in 2005, an increase
of $1.0 million, or 5.2%, from $20.1 million in 2004.
The increase resulted primarily from the following changes in
costs:
|
|
|
|
|
increased costs for preclinical studies and manufacturing for
PTC299 of $1.6 million; |
|
|
|
increased costs for preclinical studies for PTC124 of
$895,000; and |
|
|
|
decreased costs for clinical studies and manufacturing for
PTC124 of $1.6 million. |
We expect that research and development expenses will increase
in the future as a result of increased manufacturing and
clinical development costs primarily relating to our PTC124 and
PTC299 clinical development programs. The timing and amount of
these expenses will depend upon the outcome of our
37
ongoing clinical trials, particularly the costs associated with
our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 and our
Phase 1a and planned Phase 1b clinical trials of
PTC299. The timing and amount of these expenses will also depend
on the costs associated with potential future clinical trials of
our product candidates and the related expansion of our research
and development organization, regulatory requirements,
advancement of our preclinical programs and product candidate
manufacturing costs.
General and Administrative Expense. General and
administrative expense was $7.9 million in 2005, an
increase of $1.9 million, or 31.9%, from $6.0 million
in 2004. The increase resulted principally from the following:
|
|
|
|
|
increased personnel costs of $1.1 million attributable to
increased salaries as well as increased headcount in legal and
human resources; |
|
|
|
increased consulting expense of $290,000 related to
commercialization planning and information technology
infrastructure; and |
|
|
|
increased patent-related expense of $528,000 related to filings
for PTC124, PTC299 and compounds in our HCV program. |
We expect that general and administrative expense will increase
in 2006 and in future periods as a result of increased payroll,
expanded infrastructure, increased consulting, legal, accounting
and investor relations expenses associated with being a public
company, costs incurred to seek collaborations with respect to
any of our product candidates and the stock-based compensation
expense that we expect to record under SFAS No. 123(R).
Interest Income and Interest Expense. Interest income was
$854,000 in 2005, compared to $579,000 in 2004. Interest expense
was $141,000 in 2005, compared to $184,000 in 2004. The increase
in interest income resulted from higher average interest rates
in 2005, partially offset by lower average cash and cash
equivalents and short-term investment balances during the year.
The reduction in interest expense resulted from a reduction in
our equipment financing and capital lease obligations during
2005.
Tax Benefit. We recognize tax benefits related to our
sale of net operating losses in the New Jersey Tax Transfer
Program. Our tax benefit was $479,000 in 2005 and $451,000 in
2004.
|
|
|
Year Ended December 31, 2004 Compared to Year Ended
December 31, 2003 |
Revenues. Revenues were $1.6 million in 2004 and
$756,000 in 2003. The increase resulted from an increase in the
number of grants that we received in 2004.
Research and Development Expense. Research and
development expense was $20.1 million in 2004, an increase
of $2.4 million, or 13.4%, from $17.7 million in 2003.
The increase resulted principally from the following:
|
|
|
|
|
increased costs of clinical studies and manufacturing for PTC124
of $2.6 million; |
|
|
|
increased laboratory supply and library compound costs of
$408,000; |
|
|
|
increased personnel costs of $1.1 million; and |
|
|
|
decreased in-process research and development of
$1.4 million. |
General and Administrative Expense. General and
administrative expense was $6.0 million in 2004, an
increase of $1.3 million, or 28.3%, from $4.7 million
in 2003. The increase resulted principally from the following:
|
|
|
|
|
increased personnel costs of $450,000 attributable to increased
salaries and increased headcount in investor relations and
general management; |
|
|
|
increased consulting expense of $419,000 related to increased
legal and human resource temporary staffing; |
38
|
|
|
|
|
increased patent and legal expense of $254,000 related to
filings for PTC124 and general corporate legal expenses; and |
|
|
|
increased miscellaneous corporate expenses of $216,000. |
Interest Income and Interest Expense. Interest income was
$579,000 in 2004, compared to $317,000 in 2003. Interest expense
was $184,000 in 2004, compared to $358,000 in 2003. The increase
in interest income resulted from higher average interest rates
in 2004 and higher average cash and cash equivalents and
short-term investment balances during the year. The reduction in
interest expense resulted from a reduction in our equipment
financing and capital lease obligations during 2004.
Tax Benefit. Our tax benefit related to our sale of net
operating losses in the New Jersey Tax Transfer Program was
$451,000 in 2004 and $235,000 in 2003.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
As a result of our significant research and development
expenditures and the lack of any approved products to generate
product sales revenue, we have not been profitable and have
generated operating losses since we were incorporated in 1998.
As such, we have funded our research and development operations
primarily through sales of our preferred stock. Through
December 31, 2005, we had received aggregate net proceeds
of $128.5 million from these sales. We have also received
funding from grant and foundation support, capital lease
financings and interest earned on investments.
As of December 31, 2005, we had cash and cash equivalents
and short-term investments of $37.8 million. We hold our
cash and investment balances in a variety of interest-bearing
instruments, including obligations of U.S. government
agencies and money market accounts. We invest cash in excess of
our immediate requirements with regard to liquidity and capital
preservation. Wherever possible, we seek to minimize the
potential effects of concentration and degrees of risk.
Cash Flows
The following table provides information regarding our cash
flows and our capital expenditures for the years ended
December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|
| |
|
|
2003 | |
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
(in thousands) | |
Cash provided by (used in):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating activities
|
|
$ |
(16,225 |
) |
|
$ |
(22,408 |
) |
|
$ |
(20,720 |
) |
|
Investing activities
|
|
|
13,618 |
|
|
|
(20,218 |
) |
|
|
(1,647 |
) |
|
Financing activities
|
|
|
32,223 |
|
|
|
13,425 |
|
|
|
26,555 |
|
Capital expenditures (included in investing activities above)
|
|
|
667 |
|
|
|
1,121 |
|
|
|
963 |
|
Net cash used in operating activities was $20.7 million for
the year ended December 31, 2005, $22.4 million for
the year ended December 31, 2004 and $16.2 million in
the year ended December 31, 2003. The net cash used in each
of these periods primarily reflects the net loss for those
periods, offset in part by depreciation, and changes in
operating assets and liabilities.
Net cash used in investing activities was $1.6 million for
the year ended December 31, 2005 and $20.2 million for
the year ended December 31, 2004. Net cash provided by
investing activities was $13.6 million for the year ended
December 31, 2003. Cash used in investing activities was
primarily related to net purchases of investments, and to a
lesser extent, purchases of property and equipment.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $26.6 million
for the year ended December 31, 2005, $13.4 million
for the year ended December 31, 2004 and $32.2 million
for the year ended December 31, 2003. Net cash provided by
financing activities in 2005 was primarily attributable to the
$26.5 million in proceeds
39
that we received from our Series E-2 preferred stock
financing, and to a lesser extent, proceeds of $1.4 million
in debt financing used to acquire property and equipment.
Partially offsetting these proceeds were payments on debt
obligations of $1.2 million. Net cash provided by financing
activities in 2004 was primarily attributable to the subsequent
closings on our Series E preferred stock financing, which
initially closed in December 2003, totaling $14.9 million.
Partially offsetting these proceeds were payments on debt
obligations of $1.9 million. Net cash provided by financing
activities in 2003 was primarily attributable to the initial
closing of our Series E preferred stock financing totaling
$34.2 million. Partially offsetting these proceeds were
payments on debt obligations of $2.0 million.
Funding Requirements
We believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together
with our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term
investments and research funding that we expect to receive under
our collaborations, will be sufficient to enable us to fund our
operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements
until .
We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be
wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner
than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and
uncertainties associated with the development and
commercialization of our product candidates, and the extent to
which we enter into collaborations with third parties to
participate in their development and commercialization, we are
unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and
operating expenditures associated with our current and
anticipated clinical trials. Our future capital requirements
will depend on many factors, including:
|
|
|
|
|
the progress and results of our clinical trials of PTC124 and
PTC299; |
|
|
|
the success of our hepatitis C virus collaboration with
Schering-Plough; |
|
|
|
the scope, progress, results and costs of preclinical
development and laboratory testing and clinical trials for our
other product candidates; |
|
|
|
the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our
product candidates; |
|
|
|
the number and development requirements of other product
candidates that we pursue; |
|
|
|
the costs of commercialization activities, including product
marketing, sales and distribution; |
|
|
|
the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent
applications and maintaining, enforcing and defending
intellectual property-related claims; |
|
|
|
the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products
and technologies; and |
|
|
|
our ability to establish and maintain collaborations. |
We do not anticipate that we will generate product revenue for
at least the next several years. In the absence of additional
funding, we expect our continuing operating losses to result in
increases in our cash used in operations over the next several
quarters and years. To the extent our capital resources are
insufficient to meet our future capital requirements, we will
need to finance our future cash needs through public or private
equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaboration and
licensing arrangements. Except for research funding by our
collaborators, particularly Schering-Plough, we do not currently
have any commitments for future external funding.
Additional equity or debt financing, grants, or corporate
collaboration and licensing arrangements, may not be available
on acceptable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not
available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or
eliminate our research and development programs, reduce our
planned commercialization efforts or obtain funds through
arrangements with collaborators or others that may require us to
relinquish rights to certain drug candidates that we might
otherwise seek to develop or commercialize independently. In
addition, any future equity funding may dilute the ownership of
our equity investors.
40
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our significant contractual
obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31,
2005 (in thousands).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than | |
|
1-3 | |
|
4-5 | |
|
More than | |
|
|
Total | |
|
1 Year | |
|
Years | |
|
Years | |
|
5 Years | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Equipment financing obligations
|
|
$ |
1,282 |
|
|
$ |
478 |
|
|
$ |
774 |
|
|
$ |
30 |
|
|
|
|
|
Operating lease obligations
|
|
|
1,338 |
|
|
|
384 |
|
|
|
785 |
|
|
|
169 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total fixed contractual obligations
|
|
$ |
2,620 |
|
|
$ |
862 |
|
|
$ |
1,559 |
|
|
$ |
199 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The primary objective of our investment activities is to
preserve our capital to fund operations. We also seek to
maximize income from our investments without assuming
significant risk. To achieve our objectives, we maintain a
portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a variety of
securities of high credit quality. As of December 31, 2005,
we had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of
$37.8 million. A portion of our investments may be subject
to interest rate risk and could fall in value if market interest
rates increase. However, because our investments are short-term
in duration, we believe that our exposure to interest rate risk
is not significant and a 1% movement in market interest rates
would not have a significant impact on the total value of our
portfolio. We actively monitor changes in interest rates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123(R).
SFAS No. 123(R) supersedes SFAS No. 123, APB
Opinion No. 25 and its related implementation guidance.
SFAS No. 123(R) will require compensation costs
related to share-based payment transactions to be recognized in
the financial statements. The amount of compensation cost will
be measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity or
liability instruments issued. Compensation cost will be
recognized over the period that an employee provides service in
exchange for the award. SFAS No. 123(R) is effective
as of the beginning of the first interim or annual reporting
period that begins after December 15, 2005. We cannot
predict the full impact of adoption of SFAS No. 123(R)
at this time because it will depend on levels of share-based
payments granted in the future. We have not yet determined the
impact that implementing SFAS No. 123(R) will have on
our results of operations or financial condition.
In June 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154,
Accounting Changes and Error Corrections. This statement
requires that a voluntary change in accounting principle be
applied retrospectively with all prior period financial
statements presented on the basis of the new accounting
principle, unless it is impracticable to do so.
SFAS No. 154 also provides that (1) a change in
method of depreciating or amortizing a long-lived nonfinancial
asset be accounted for as a change in estimate
(prospectively) that was effected by a change in accounting
principle, and (2) correction of errors in previously
issued financial statements should be termed a
restatement. The new standard is effective for
accounting changes and correction of errors made in fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2005. Early adoption of this
standard is permitted for accounting changes and correction of
errors made in fiscal years beginning after June 1, 2005.
We do not anticipate that the adoption of this statement will
have a material impact on our results of operations or financial
condition.
In November 2005, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position
FAS 115-1 and
FAS 124-1, The
Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and Its Application
to Certain Investments. This Staff Position addresses the
determination as to when an investment is considered impaired,
whether that impairment is other than temporary and the
measurement of an impairment loss. This Staff Position also
includes accounting considerations subsequent to the recognition
of an other-than-temporary impairment and requires certain
disclosures about unrealized losses that have not been
recognized as other-than-temporary impairments. The guidance in
the Staff Position is required to be applied to reporting
periods beginning after December 15, 2005. We will adopt
the provisions of this Staff Position in 2006 and do not
currently believe that implementation will have a material
effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
41
BUSINESS
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and
development of orally administered, proprietary small-molecule
drugs that target post-transcriptional control processes. Our
lead product development programs are PTC124 for genetic
disorders and PTC299 for oncology. We have discovered all of our
compounds currently under development. We plan to develop these
compounds both on our own and through selective collaboration
arrangements with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology
companies. We have retained worldwide commercialization rights
to PTC124 and PTC299 and recently entered into a collaboration
with Schering-Plough Corporation for the development and
commercialization of preclinical compounds that we have
identified for the potential treatment of hepatitis C.
Post-transcriptional control processes regulate the rate and
timing of protein production and are of central importance to
proper cellular function. The small-molecule compounds that we
are developing are designed to alter post-transcriptional
processes and modulate the utilization of messenger RNA, or
mRNA, a key intermediate in protein production. We have
assembled proprietary technologies and extensive knowledge of
post-transcriptional control processes that we apply in our drug
discovery and development activities. We believe that
systematically targeting these processes represents a new and
unexploited approach to drug discovery and development, which
has several potential key advantages. These include the
potential to use orally available small-molecule drugs to
address previously intractable drug targets and to up or down
regulate the level of production of a protein of interest. In
addition, this approach has the potential to treat a broad range
of diseases. Our current pipeline of clinical and preclinical
product candidates addresses multiple indications, including
genetic disorders, oncology and infectious diseases.
Our three most advanced product development programs are:
|
|
|
|
|
|
PTC124 for genetic disorders. We are developing
PTC124 for the treatment of patients with genetic disorders that
arise as a result of a type of genetic mutation known as a
nonsense mutation. Our initial target indications for PTC124 are
cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy in cases in
which a nonsense mutation is the cause of the disease. We are
currently conducting two Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124
in patients with cystic fibrosis and one Phase 2 clinical
trial of PTC124 in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We
recently performed an interim analysis of data from
15 patients who have completed our ongoing cystic fibrosis
trials and observed results which suggest that PTC124 may have
pharmacological activity that addresses the underlying cause of
cystic fibrosis in these patients. |
|
|
|
|
|
PTC299 for oncology. We are developing PTC299
initially for the treatment of cancer. In April 2006, we
commenced a Phase 1a clinical trial of PTC299 in healthy
volunteers in Belgium. If this Phase 1a clinical trial is
successful, we plan to initiate a Phase 1b clinical trial
of PTC299 in cancer patients in late 2006. |
|
|
|
|
|
Hepatitis C development program. We have
identified a number of small-molecule compounds that, in
preclinical tests, inhibited hepatitis C viral protein
synthesis and the production of the virus. These compounds
target a specific site on the viral mRNA known as an internal
ribosomal entry site, or IRES, which is critical to the
replication of the hepatitis C virus. In March 2006, we
entered into a collaboration with Schering- Plough for the
development of these compounds. |
|
We are also conducting discovery programs focused on developing
new treatments for multiple therapeutic areas, including
bacterial infections, anemia and musculoskeletal conditions.
The PTC Approach
Our approach to drug discovery and development is to
systematically target post-transcriptional control processes
that can be modulated by small-molecule therapeutics. We believe
this may provide several potential advantages in comparison with
conventional approaches to drug discovery and development. The
following are some of the key potential advantages of our
approach.
42
Unexploited area of drug discovery and
development. Targeting post-transcriptional control
processes is a new field for drug discovery. We believe that
focusing on post-transcriptional control processes will enable
us both to address known drug targets through new mechanisms of
action and to pursue a broad range of targets that have
previously not been amenable to drug discovery. Our approach is
a complex endeavor that requires a comprehensive understanding
of post-transcriptional control processes and the development of
specialized secondary functional assays to characterize the
interaction between a drug candidate and a target of interest.
We believe that a large number of promising post-transcriptional
control drug targets remain unexploited, providing a significant
opportunity for our integrated and systematic approach to drug
discovery.
Broad applicability to address intractable drug targets
and unmet medical needs. One common approach to drug
discovery is to use high-throughput screening assays to identify
compounds that inhibit enzymatic activity. However, this
approach often does not permit the identification of compounds
that enhance enzymatic activity. In addition, this drug
discovery approach does not work for the large number of
medically relevant drug targets whose function is unknown or
that are not amenable to traditional screening. In contrast,
drugs that interact with components of the post-transcriptional
control apparatus can effectively act as therapeutics by either
increasing the production of a needed protein or by reducing the
production of an undesirable protein. We also believe that drugs
can be designed to regulate the production of a specific protein
without otherwise interfering with normal operation of the cell.
Because post-transcriptional control is important to the
modulation of the amounts of many types of proteins, we believe
that these types of therapeutics may have the potential to treat
a wide variety of diseases for which there is an unmet medical
need, including genetic disorders, cancer, anemia and
musculoskeletal disorders, as well as inflammation, metabolic
disorders, cardiovascular conditions and neurological disorders.
Targeting post-transcriptional control processes may also be
applicable to treating infectious diseases, including viral
infections, in which the virus acts by harnessing the infected
bodys post-transcriptional control processes and bacterial
infections, in which the bacteria have their own distinct
post-transcriptional control processes.
Use of small molecules. Our focus is on developing
orally available small molecules. In contrast, many of the
alternative therapies that can overcome some of the limitations
of traditional small-molecule drug screening approaches, such as
biologics, antisense, gene therapy and RNAi, are generally
unable to be delivered orally. As a result, problems with
effective treatment delivery have hampered development of many
of these newer experimental approaches. Our small molecules have
the potential to replace these expensive and difficult to
administer therapeutics with pills, tablets or orally
administered liquids, which are generally more convenient and
may enhance patient compliance. We also expect to be able to
take advantage of the general ease of synthesis of
small-molecule production and the extensive pharmaceutical
industry experience with manufacturing, formulating and
distributing small-molecule drugs.
Proof of concept. There are several marketed drugs
that act by affecting post-transcriptional control processes.
These drugs include the aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as
gentamicin, other antibiotics, including erythromycin and
linezolid, and some immunosuppressant drugs, such as rapamycin.
Although the majority of these drugs were developed without
prior knowledge of their mechanism of action, we believe that
what is now known about the manner in which they act validates
the potential of our approach. Accordingly, we believe that a
methodical and scientific approach to the identification and
selection of drugs that target post-transcriptional control
processes has significant commercial potential.
43
Our Product Development Programs
The following table summarizes key information about our product
candidates that are in clinical trials and our other principal
product development and discovery stage programs. All of the
compounds in these programs are new chemical entities identified
using our technologies and developed through our own internal
research efforts.
|
|
|
|
|
Program |
|
Development Status |
|
Commercialization Rights |
|
|
|
|
|
PTC124 for genetic disorders
|
|
Phase 2 clinical trials in cystic fibrosis and Duchenne
muscular dystrophy ongoing; analysis of interim data from cystic
fibrosis trials completed |
|
PTC |
PTC299 for oncology
|
|
Phase 1a clinical trial in healthy volunteers ongoing;
Phase 1b clinical trial in cancer patients planned |
|
PTC |
Hepatitis C virus program
|
|
Preclinical |
|
Schering-Plough Corporation |
Antibacterial program
|
|
Discovery |
|
PTC |
Anemia program
|
|
Discovery |
|
PTC |
Musculoskeletal program
|
|
Discovery |
|
PTC |
Ophthalmology program
|
|
Subject of research collaboration |
|
Bausch & Lomb |
PTC124 is a novel, orally administered small-molecule compound
that targets a particular genetic alteration known as a nonsense
mutation. We are developing PTC124 for the treatment of genetic
disorders in which a nonsense mutation is the cause of the
disease because we believe that PTC124 may restore the protein
functionality that is lost as a result of the mutation. In the
fourth quarter of 2005, we commenced two Phase 2 clinical
trials of PTC124 for cystic fibrosis caused by nonsense
mutations and one Phase 2 clinical trial of PTC124 for
Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by nonsense mutations. We
have conducted an interim analysis of data from a total of
15 patients who have completed their participation in our
cystic fibrosis trials. We believe that our findings to date
support our continued development of PTC124 both in cystic
fibrosis and in other genetic disorders caused by nonsense
mutations. We expect to complete our ongoing Phase 2
clinical trials of PTC124 in the second half of 2006.
The FDA has granted fast track designation and orphan drug
designation to PTC124 for the treatment of both cystic fibrosis
and Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by nonsense mutations.
The European Medicines Agency, or EMEA, has granted orphan drug
status to PTC124 for the treatment of both cystic fibrosis and
Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Background on Genetic Disorders and Nonsense
Mutations |
The National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases
estimates that rare disorders afflict 25 million people in
the United States. Based on our research, we estimate that there
are at least 1,800 distinct genetic disorders, including cystic
fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy,
hemophilia, lysosomal storage disorders, retinitis pigmentosa,
familial hypercholesterolemia and some forms of cancer. We also
estimate that, on average, 5% to 15% of patients with any
genetic disorder have a nonsense mutation as the cause of the
disease. Because genetic disorders are often a consequence of
the absence of a single protein, the restoration of the
production of that protein has the potential to treat the
genetic disorder.
Through the post-transcriptional process of translation, a
specialized cellular apparatus, called the ribosome, builds
functional proteins by translating the genetic code contained in
the mRNA. This decoding process reads the building blocks of the
mRNA, known as nucleotides, in groups of three. Each group of
three
44
nucleotides is called a codon. Three of the 64 possible codons
contained in mRNA serve as normal stop signals and indicate the
end of the protein-coding region of the mRNA. When functioning
properly, the stop codons cause the ribosome to halt translation
of the mRNA once the mRNAs genetic code has been
completely translated into a full-length, functional protein.
There are four basic types of mutations in DNA that can cause a
genetic disorder. These are known as insertion, deletion,
missense and nonsense mutations. A nonsense mutation is a single
nucleotide alteration in the DNA that, when copied to mRNA, is
interpreted by the ribosome as a premature stop signal in the
protein-coding region of the mRNA. As a result, the translation
process is halted before a full-length, functional protein is
formed. The resulting truncated protein is too short to serve
its necessary function, and the absence of a full-length,
functional protein may cause disease.
Cystic fibrosis is among the most common life-threatening
genetic disorders worldwide. According to the Cystic Fibrosis
Foundation, the disease affects approximately 30,000 adults and
children in the United States and, according to the European
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, it affects a similar number of
patients in Europe. Cystic fibrosis occurs in approximately one
of every 3,500 live births, with approximately 1,000 new cases
diagnosed each year in the United States. There is a
commercially available genetic test to determine if a
patients cystic fibrosis is caused by a nonsense mutation.
The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation estimates that approximately 83%
of the active patients in their National Patient Registry have
been genotyped. Based on information provided to us by the
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, we estimate that nonsense mutations
are the cause of cystic fibrosis in approximately 10% of
patients in the United States.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by defects in a single gene known as
the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, or
CFTR. The CFTR gene encodes the CFTR protein, which is used by
the body to transport chloride across cell membranes. Genetic
mutations that result in the loss of function of the CFTR
protein cause the body to produce abnormally thick and sticky
mucus that clogs the lungs, obstructs the pancreas and blocks
the bile duct in the liver. This leads to life-threatening lung
infections, permanent pancreatic damage and malnutrition because
digestive enzymes from the pancreas do not reach the intestines
to help break down and absorb food. Because patients with cystic
fibrosis have malabsorption and a high calorie expenditure for
breathing, their body weights can often be low.
Complications from lung infections are the primary cause of
death from cystic fibrosis. From as early as four months of age,
patients with cystic fibrosis may begin to develop airway
obstruction and inflammation. Over time, most patients develop
chronic bacterial infections in the airways, resulting in
repeated episodes of pneumonia. Ultimately, progressive lung
dysfunction leads to respiratory failure and death. According to
the Cystic Fibrosis Foundations National Patient Registry,
the median age of survival for a person with cystic fibrosis is
in the mid-30s.
There is currently no available therapy to correct defective
CFTR production and function. Instead, available treatments for
cystic fibrosis are designed to alleviate the symptoms of the
disease. These treatments include chest physical therapy to
clear the thick mucus from the lungs, antibiotics to treat lung
infections and a mucus-thinning drug designed to reduce the
number of lung infections and improve lung function. In
addition, the majority of cystic fibrosis patients take
pancreatic enzyme supplements to assist with food absorption in
digestion.
There is a significant unmet medical need for a treatment for
the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis. We believe that PTC124
may be a suitable treatment for the subset of cystic fibrosis
patients whose disease is caused by a nonsense mutation.
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy |
Muscular dystrophies are genetic disorders characterized by
progressive muscle wasting and weakness. There are several types
of muscular dystrophy, of which Duchenne muscular dystrophy is
the most common and one of the most severe. Duchenne muscular
dystrophy occurs when a mutation in the dystrophin gene
45
prevents the cell from making a functional dystrophin protein.
Dystrophin is critical to the structural stability of the fibers
in skeletal, diaphragm and heart muscle. The absence of normally
functioning dystrophin results in muscle fragility and muscle
injury when muscles are stretched during normal use. As muscle
damage progresses, connective tissue and fat replace muscle
fibers.
Because the dystrophin gene is located on the X chromosome,
Duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs almost exclusively in young
boys. According to Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
muscular dystrophy occurs in approximately 1 in 3,500 live male
births, with approximately 20,000 new cases diagnosed each year
worldwide. Based on this incidence data, we estimate that
Duchenne muscular dystrophy affects approximately 12,000 boys
and adolescents in the United States and a similar number of
patients in Europe. As with cystic fibrosis, genetic tests are
available to determine if a patients Duchenne muscular
dystrophy is caused by a nonsense mutation. Based on the testing
records of the Utah Dystrophinopathy Project, we estimate that a
nonsense mutation is the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in
approximately 13% of patients in the United States.
Children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy typically begin to
show symptoms as early as age three, when they develop a
waddling gait, may seem clumsy and often fall. Progressive
weakness then develops in the voluntary muscles in the arms,
legs and trunk. This muscle weakness results in fixations, known
as contractures, of joints such as knees, hips, elbows and feet.
By the age of eight, most subjects have difficulty ascending
stairs. By the age of 10 to 12, many are confined to
wheelchairs. By the early teens, patients hearts and
respiratory muscles are also often affected. The wheelchair
dependence of a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient results in
further loss of strength and the weakening of heart and lung
muscles. This eventually results in fatal heart or lung failure.
The average age of survival of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
patients is 20 to 25 years.
As with cystic fibrosis, there is currently no available therapy
to improve or correct dystrophin production and function. As a
result, currently available treatments for Duchenne muscular
dystrophy are palliative in nature. These treatments seek to
address the symptoms through supportive care measures, such as
bracing to give patients some opportunity to remain standing,
joint stretching exercises to avoid contractures, tendon release
surgery and eventual wheelchair use and assisted ventilation.
Corticosteroids are also often prescribed to treat and delay the
onset of the symptoms of the disease but cause significant
complications.
There is a significant unmet medical need for a treatment for
the underlying cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We believe
that PTC124 may be a suitable treatment for the subset of
Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients whose disease is caused by
a nonsense mutation.
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PTC124 Scientific Background |
We believe that a drug with a mechanism of action that allows
the ribosome to read through premature stop codons without
affecting the normal termination of protein synthesis may be
able to overcome the effects of nonsense mutations. For example,
in in vitro, animal and human studies, the
antibiotic gentamicin has demonstrated the ability to bind to
ribosomes in a manner that causes the ribosomes to read through
a premature stop signal and continue the translation process to
produce a full-length, functional protein. Specifically, in
animal studies in which gentamicin was administered at high
doses, the study animals produced full-length versions of the
CFTR and dystrophin proteins. In addition, in a study conducted
in Israel on 19 patients with cystic fibrosis caused by a
nonsense mutation, the administration of gentamicin as nose
drops restored CFTR protein function in the membranes of the
nasal mucosa cells of 90% of the patients. Although these
results involving gentamicin serve as a proof of concept for the
read through of nonsense mutations as a therapeutic approach to
treating genetic disorders, we believe that gentamicins
serious dose-limiting toxicities and need for intravenous
administration make it an unattractive treatment for these
disorders.
PTC124 also allows the cellular machinery to read through
premature stop codons in mRNA, and thereby enables the
translation process to produce full-length, functional proteins.
However, PTC124 is from a distinct structural class that we
believe acts at a different location on the ribosome than
gentamicin and does
46
not have antibiotic properties. We do not expect PTC124 to have
the serious dose-limiting toxicities associated with gentamicin.
|
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|
Preclinical Development of PTC124 |
We have conducted multiple in vitro and animal
preclinical studies of PTC124. Key findings of these studies
include the following:
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|
The administration of PTC124 resulted in the production of
full-length and functionally active CFTR in a mouse model of
cystic fibrosis. Similarly, the administration of PTC124
resulted in the production of full-length and functionally
active dystrophin in both in vitro and animal models
of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. |
|
|
|
PTC124 demonstrated greater potency and activity than gentamicin
controls in the read through of premature stop codons in
in vitro studies. |
|
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|
In in vitro and animal safety pharmacology studies,
PTC124s activity was specific for the premature stop
codons resulting from nonsense mutations. There was no evidence
of read through of normal stop codons in these studies, even
when PTC124 was tested at significantly higher plasma
concentrations than those that we expect to see in patients. |
PTC124 demonstrated an acceptable toxicity profile when tested
at high exposure levels in rats and dogs. In these studies, we
did not observe any meaningful toxicity to vital organs,
including brain, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and ears. In our
long-term toxicology study in dogs, we noted inflammatory cells
in the adrenal glands of the dogs that were treated with PTC124.
We did not observe a similar finding in rats. We are evaluating
the functional consequences of this observation in the dogs. The
clinical implications, if any, are unknown at this time. Some
rats developed brown fat tumors at PTC124 levels that were
significantly higher than those that we expect to observe in our
clinical trials. Brown fat is functionally important in rats but
has little importance in humans. Accordingly, tumors of brown
fat are extremely rare in humans. Other drugs known to cause
growth of brown fat tumors in rats have not been observed to
cause similar tumors in humans. In addition, one female rat that
received PTC124 and one female rat in the control group were
noted to have nonmetastatic tumors of the mammary glands, and
two male rats that received PTC124 had nonmetastatic tumors of
the testes. Given the isolated occurrence and distribution of
these non-brown fat tumors across the treatment groups, it was
not clear whether the occurrence of these tumors in the rats was
specifically caused by PTC124. We did not observe any tumors or
pre-cancerous lesions in dogs. At the request of the FDA, we are
conducting an additional six-month toxicity study of PTC124 in
rats.
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Clinical Development of PTC124 |
Phase 1 Clinical Trials. In our clinical
trials, we are administering PTC124 orally as a liquid
suspension comprising a powdered form of the compound mixed with
water. We designed this formulation because PTC124 is being
administered to children, who often have difficulty swallowing
pills or capsules.
We have completed two Phase 1 clinical trials of PTC124
involving a total of 62 healthy volunteers. The first
Phase 1 trial was a single-dose, randomized,
placebo-controlled safety and pharmacokinetic study conducted in
a total of 31 healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 30.
In the first stage of the trial, subjects were enrolled at
escalating dose levels ranging from 3 to 200 mg/kg. In this
study, we determined that 100 mg/kg is the maximum
tolerated dose based on the observation of increased frequency
of headaches, dizziness and mild gastrointestinal events, such
as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, at the 150 mg/kg and
200 mg/kg doses. The drug was palatable, with no obvious
odor or taste. In the second stage of this trial, we assessed
the effect of food on the safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of
PTC124 at a dose of 50 mg/kg. This study provided us with
pharmacokinetic data that indicated minimal alterations in the
pharmacokinetic profile when PTC124 was taken after a meal and
supported giving PTC124 with food to maintain plasma
concentrations. The study also provided pharmacokinetic
information allowing us to predict PTC124 blood exposure levels
in future studies.
47
The second Phase 1 trial was a multiple-dose, open-label
safety and pharmacokinetic study conducted in a total of 31
healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 30. In the first
stage of the trial, subjects were enrolled at escalating
twice-daily doses ranging from 10 to 50 mg/kg per dose
taken with food for seven consecutive days. In the second stage
of this trial, subjects were enrolled at a twice-daily dose of
50 mg/kg per dose for 14 days. In this study, there
were no clinically significant adverse events reported at any
dose tested, although we observed modest elevations of liver
enzymes in some subjects. These elevated enzyme levels did not
require cessation of PTC124 administration, and enzyme levels
typically normalized after completion of the treatment phase. We
did not observe any increases in bilirubin, which can be
associated with serious harm to the liver. As in the single-dose
study, we were able to achieve and maintain plasma
concentrations of PTC124 that, based on preclinical data, we
believe may have a therapeutic effect. In the multiple-dose
trial, as in the single-dose study, we sought to determine
whether PTC124 promoted improper read through of normal stop
codons. We assessed this by observing whether the trial
participants produced improperly large forms of specified
proteins. We did not observe any such improper protein formation.
Phase 2 Clinical Trials for Cystic Fibrosis.
In the fourth quarter of 2005, we commenced two
open-label Phase 2 clinical trials of PTC124 for the
treatment of cystic fibrosis caused by nonsense mutations. In
each trial, we expect to enroll at least 18 evaluable patients
age 18 years or older who have been diagnosed with
cystic fibrosis resulting from a nonsense mutation in the CFTR
gene. The goals of these trials are to obtain indications of
pharmacological activity and to assess dose response, safety and
pharmacokinetics. We are conducting one trial at the Hadassah
University Hospital in Jerusalem, Israel and the second trial at
four sites in the United States. We are performing the trial in
Israel because the incidence of cystic fibrosis caused by a
nonsense mutation is significantly higher in Israel than
elsewhere in the world and because the investigators at the
Hadassah University Hospital have past experience in conducting
similar types of studies. All U.S. sites are member
institutions of the Cystic Fibrosis Therapeutics Development
Network, a network of 18 cystic fibrosis care centers with
extensive experience in conducting clinical trials.
The trial designs are comparable and include two treatment
cycles. Each cycle consists of a two-week period of continuous
PTC124 treatment, and then a two-week
follow-up period
without PTC124 treatment. During the two weeks of PTC124
treatment in the first cycle, participants receive a lower-dose
regimen of PTC124, consisting of 4 mg/kg with breakfast,
4 mg/kg with lunch and 8 mg/kg with dinner, for a
total daily dose of 16 mg/kg. During the two weeks of
PTC124 treatment in the second cycle, the same participants
receive a higher-dose regimen of PTC124, consisting of
10 mg/kg with breakfast, 10 mg/kg with lunch and
20 mg/kg with dinner, for a total daily dose of
40 mg/kg. We established these dosing regimens based on
pharmacokinetic modeling from our Phase 1 clinical trials
with the goal of achieving plasma concentrations of PTC124 that,
based on our preclinical models, we anticipate may have a
therapeutic effect. We evaluate trial participants at the
beginning and end of each two-week treatment period and
follow-up period in
each cycle.
The objective in both trials is to determine the change in
CFTR-mediated chloride conductance in respiratory cells as
measured between the beginning and end of treatment for each
study participant. To make this determination, we measure the
patients transepithelial potential difference, or TEPD.
TEPD is assessed by means of a standardized, minimally invasive
procedure. In the procedure, a small plastic catheter is used to
assess electrical differences across the outer cell membrane of
nasal mucosa cells in the nostril. TEPD values are expressed in
millivolts, or mV. A chloride conductance equal to or more
electrically negative than -5.0 mV is generally considered
to be in the normal range. Because of the role of the CFTR
protein in transporting chloride across cell membranes and
because of the absence of this protein in cystic fibrosis
patients, these patients have an abnormal TEPD chloride
conductance. Cystic fibrosis patients with TEPD values closer to
normal are more likely to have better lung function and are less
likely to develop acute lung infections. As a result, TEPD
serves as a marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of cystic
fibrosis. TEPD has become the standard primary pharmacodynamic
endpoint for Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials for
drugs aimed at correcting CFTR dysfunction.
Interim Data from Phase 2 Clinical Trials for Cystic
Fibrosis. In March 2006, we conducted an interim
analysis of data from a total of 15 patients who have
completed their participation in the trials. We believe that our
findings to date support our continued development of PTC124
both in cystic fibrosis and in other genetic disorders caused by
nonsense mutations. The following discussion of the interim data
from the trials combines
48
data from the 15 patients from both the U.S. and Israeli
trials. These results have become recently available. New
information may arise from our continuing analysis of the data
that may be less favorable than the data presented below. The
results from additional patients enrolled in the ongoing studies
may cause the final results of our trials to differ from the
data for the 15 patients presented below. In addition, we
are conducting these trials as open-label studies, which are
generally considered to be less conclusive than blinded studies.
Endpoints. The primary endpoint in both trials is the
change in TEPD chloride conductance. We have assessed this
endpoint by dose level in the following three ways:
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|
Mean change in TEPD chloride conductance. This is the
average among all study participants of the changes from the
beginning to the end of the treatment period in each
participants TEPD chloride conductance. For example, if
the study consisted of three participants and if the changes in
TEPD chloride conductance for the three participants were -7.0
mV, -2.0 mV and -9.0 mV, the mean change in TEPD chloride
conductance among these participants would be -6.0 mV. |
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|
Percentage of patients with a chloride conductance
response. This is the percentage of patients who
demonstrated a TEPD chloride conductance response at the end of
each treatment period with PTC124. For purposes of the trials, a
chloride conductance response is defined as a TEPD chloride
conductance improvement of at least -5.0 mV. For example, in a
patient with a TEPD chloride conductance value of +1.0 mV at
baseline and a TEPD chloride conductance value of -6.0 mV at the
end of treatment, the TEPD chloride conductance improvement
would be -7.0 mV, representing a chloride conductance response. |
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|
Percentage of patients with improvements of TEPD chloride
conductance values into the normal range. As noted above, a
chloride conductance equal to or more electrically negative than
-5.0 mV is generally considered to be in the normal range. As
such, a patient with a TEPD chloride conductance value of +1.0
mV at baseline would be considered to have an abnormal value
because the value is more electrically positive than -5.0 mV.
If, at the end of treatment, that patients TEPD chloride
conductance value improved to -6.0 mV, this would represent an
improvement into the normal range because the improved value is
more electrically negative than -5.0 mV. |
Secondary endpoints include lung function testing, with
measurements of forced expiratory volume in one second, or
FEV1,
and forced vital capacity, or FVC; overall safety profile as
evaluated by measuring the type, frequency, severity, timing and
relationship to PTC124 of any adverse events, laboratory
abnormalities or electrocardiogram abnormalities; study drug
compliance as assessed by quantification of used and unused
PTC124; and pharmacokinetics of PTC124 as evaluated by frequent
blood sampling on the first day and last day of each treatment
period. Although not predetermined endpoints in the trial
protocols, we are also assessing changes in patients body
weights and patient-reported improvements, if any, in cystic
fibrosis-related symptoms.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Key inclusion criteria
for study participants include a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
caused by a nonsense mutation; an abnormal TEPD chloride
conductance at baseline; age of at least 18 years; body
weight of at least 40 kilograms and
FEV1
at baseline of at least 40% of normal, based on patient gender,
age and height. Key exclusion criteria for study participants
include ongoing acute illness, including acute upper or lower
respiratory infections within two weeks prior to study
treatment; history of major complications of lung disease within
two months prior to start of study treatment; abnormal chest
x-ray; substantial liver abnormalities; abnormalities of kidney
function; and ongoing use of or changes in specified medications.
Patient Demographics. Of the 15 patients included in
the interim analysis, three were from the U.S. trial and 12
were from the Israeli trial. Seven patients were male and eight
were female. Patients had a median age of 22 years. Three
of the most common types of nonsense mutations in the CFTR gene
were represented among the 15 patients. All patients had
multiple signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis, including some
degree of lung dysfunction. Based on patient gender, age and
height, the mean
FEV1
value at study entry was 64% of normal and the mean FVC value at
study entry was 79% of normal. Fourteen of the 15 patients
included in the interim analysis had airway colonization with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common bacterial
49
infection in cystic fibrosis patients that can lead to serious
pneumonia. Fourteen of the 15 patients also had pancreatic
insufficiency and required chronic pancreatic enzyme replacement
therapy. The patients included in the interim analysis had
relatively low body weights, with a mean weight of
58.3 kilograms, or 128.5 pounds, at study entry.
TEPD Results. In the 15 patients included in the
interim analysis, at both dose levels, we observed:
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statistically significant mean improvements in TEPD chloride
conductance; |
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statistically significant percentages of patients with a TEPD
chloride conductance response; and |
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statistically significant increases in the percentage of
patients with a TEPD chloride conductance value in the normal
range. |
The statistical significance of clinical trial results is
determined by statistical methods that establish the p-value of
the results. Typically, clinical trial results are statistically
significant if they have a p-value of 0.05 or less, meaning that
there is less than a
one-in-twenty
likelihood that the observed results occurred by chance.
We believe that these results suggest that PTC124 has meaningful
pharmacological activity that is consistent with our hypothesis
that treatment with PTC124 can restore the production and
function of CFTR protein in patients with cystic fibrosis caused
by a nonsense mutation. We also believe that this is the first
time such activity has been observed in a clinical trial of an
oral therapy for cystic fibrosis.
The following table presents the TEPD results for the
15 patients included in the interim analysis. For each
measurement, we present the results on a
best-of-nostrils and
mean-of-both-nostrils
basis. Historically, results of TEPD tests have typically been
presented on a
best-of-nostrils basis.
However, recent guidelines established by the Cystic Fibrosis
Therapeutics Development Network recommend that TEPD results be
presented on both bases.
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Lower Dose Level | |
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Higher Dose Level | |
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| |
TEPD Result |
|
Result | |
|
p-Value | |
|
Result | |
|
p-Value | |
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Mean change in TEPD chloride conductance:
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Best of nostrils
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-9.0 mV |
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<0.001 |
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-6.4 mV |
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0.009 |
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Mean of both nostrils
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-6.7 mV |
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<0.001 |
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-4.4 mV |
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0.023 |
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Number of patients with³
-5 mV improvement in TEPD chloride conductance:
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Best of nostrils
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9/15 (60)% |
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<0.001 |
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8/15 (53)% |
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<0.001 |
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Mean of both nostrils
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6/15 (40)% |
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0.005 |
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7/15 (47)% |
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<0.001 |
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Number of patients with improvement in TEPD chloride conductance
to normal:
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Best of nostrils
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8/15 (53)% |
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0.008 |
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8/15 (53)% |
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0.008 |
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Mean of both nostrils
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6/15 (40)% |
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0.032 |
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7/15 (47)% |
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0.016 |
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The treatment effects at the lower and higher dose levels of
PTC124 were not statistically significantly different. In
addition, we observed TEPD chloride conductance responses in
patients with each of the three most common types of nonsense
mutations in the CFTR gene. However, the small number of
patients included in the interim analysis makes it difficult to
draw conclusions based on these observations.
Secondary Endpoint Results. The trials have not been
powered to detect statistically significant changes in secondary
endpoints. However, in our interim analysis, we observed
statistically significant improvements from study entry to the
end of the higher-dose treatment cycle in the patients
mean
FEV1,
FVC and weight. The following table presents the results of the
changes. For the changes in lung function, only 14 of the
50
15 patients are included because one patient did not have
lung function measured at the end of the higher-dose treatment
cycle.
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End of | |
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Higher | |
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Study | |
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Dose | |
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Endpoint |
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Entry | |
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Treatment | |
|
Change | |
|
p-Value | |
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Lung function (expressed as a percentage of normal for gender,
age and height):
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Mean FEV
1
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65.8 |
% |
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69.1 |
% |
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3.3 |
% |
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0.015 |
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Mean FVC
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80.2 |
% |
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85.1 |
% |
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4.9 |
% |
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0.037 |
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Weight
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58.3 |
kg |
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59.0 |
kg |
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0.7 |
kg |
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0.012 |
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In addition, although we are not formally measuring changes in
patients symptoms through the use of a
quality-of-life
questionnaire, trial investigators were requested to ask about
changes in patients cystic fibrosis symptoms. In the
15 patients included in the interim analysis, six reported
general improvements in well being, six reported decrease in
cough and 10 reported decreased mucus thickness and easier
clearing of mucus.
Safety and Tolerability Results. PTC124 was generally
well tolerated among the 15 patients included in the
interim analysis. No serious drug-related adverse events were
reported. All adverse events that were potentially drug-related
were mild in severity. These adverse events included irritation
in the back of the throat in one patient; nausea in two
patients; diarrhea in two patients; and dysuria, a burning
sensation during urination, in four patients. There were no
safety concerns identified in patients physical
examinations, vital sign measurements or electrocardiograms. We
did not observe any meaningful elevations in serum liver enzymes
or bilirubin. Similarly, we did not observe any clinically
relevant changes in kidney function. There were no dosing
interruptions or trial discontinuations due to toxicity.
Treatment compliance was very good, with patients taking more
than 98% of the intended total drug treatment at both the lower
and higher dose levels.
Pharmacokinetics. In the patients included in the interim
analysis, PTC124 was readily absorbed and desired plasma
concentrations were achieved at the first and fourteenth days of
both the lower-dose and higher-dose treatment cycles. At both
the lower dose level and higher dose level, there was neither
evidence of drug accumulation nor evidence of decreased drug
levels due to the induction of metabolism during the treatment
periods.
Phase 2 Clinical Trial for Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy. In the fourth quarter of 2005, we also
commenced an open-label Phase 2 clinical trial of PTC124
for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by
nonsense mutations. The goals of this trial are to obtain
indications of pharmacological activity and to assess dose
response, safety and pharmacokinetics. We expect to enroll at
least 24 evaluable patients age five years or older who have
been diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy resulting from a
nonsense mutation in the dystrophin gene. We are conducting the
trial in the United States at three academic centers that are
experienced in the conduct of clinical trials involving subjects
with muscular dystrophy.
Participants in the trial are divided into two groups, with all
participants in both groups receiving PTC124 treatment for
28 days. The first group comprises the first six
participants in the trial. Participants in this group will take
PTC124 for 28 days at a dosing regimen consisting of
4 mg/kg with breakfast, 4 mg/kg with lunch and
8 mg/kg with dinner, for a total daily dose of
16 mg/kg. If the six participants in the first group
tolerate the study medication, the second group, comprising the
remaining participants in the trial, will receive treatment at
an escalated dose. For this second group, the dosing regimen
will consist of 10 mg/kg with breakfast, 10 mg/kg with
lunch and 20 mg/kg with dinner, for a total daily dose of
40 mg/kg. These dosing regimens are the same as for the
cystic fibrosis trials, which we based on pharmacokinetic
modeling from our Phase 1 clinical trials with the goal of
achieving plasma concentrations of PTC124 that, based on our
preclinical models, we anticipate may have a therapeutic effect.
We will test the effects of PTC124 on trial participants at the
end of the 28-day
treatment cycle and will conduct a
follow-up assessment
four weeks after the last dose administration.
51
The primary endpoint in this trial is the change from baseline
measurement of dystrophin levels in a biopsy of a muscle in the
foot known as the extensor digitorum brevis, or EDB. An absence
of dystrophin at baseline is viewed as confirmation of the
diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. If PTC124 promotes
suppression of the nonsense mutation, we expect to observe
increases from baseline in study participants dystrophin
levels in the EDB muscle biopsy. Secondary endpoints of the
trial include changes in other proteins in the EDB muscle
biopsy, changes in muscle strength, time taken to perform
specified functions such as walking and climbing steps and
compliance with PTC124 treatment. The trial will also assess the
safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of PTC124. We expect to
complete this trial in the second half of 2006.
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Plans for Future Development |
Our goal is to advance the clinical development of PTC124 for
both cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Accordingly, we intend to conduct pivotal clinical trials to
support the filing of an NDA for a particular indication if our
Phase 2 clinical trials for that indication are successful.
We anticipate conducting a Phase 2b cystic fibrosis
clinical trial in Israel involving the patients participating in
our current cystic fibrosis trial in Israel. The purpose of this
trial will be to assess the safety and pharmacological activity
associated with longer-term dosing of PTC124. Subject to our
discussions with regulatory authorities, we anticipate
commencing Phase 3 pivotal clinical trials for PTC124 in
cystic fibrosis while this Phase 2b trial is ongoing. We
expect that primary endpoints for future trials in cystic
fibrosis would include clinical measures of lung function and
that primary endpoints for future trials in Duchenne muscular
dystrophy would include clinical measures of muscle function. We
are also assessing additional genetic disorders that are
characterized by nonsense mutations to determine whether to
initiate clinical trials of PTC124 for the treatment of those
indications.
PTC299 is a novel, orally administered small-molecule compound
designed to inhibit the production of VEGF. We discovered PTC299
using our GEMS technology. We are developing PTC299 for the
treatment of cancer because the overexpression of VEGF plays a
key role in the growth of many types of cancers. In April 2006,
we commenced a Phase 1a clinical trial of PTC299 in healthy
volunteers in Belgium. If this Phase 1a trial is
successful, we plan to initiate a Phase 1b clinical trial
of PTC299 in late 2006 in patients with advanced solid tumors
whose disease has progressed during therapy or for whom there is
no effective therapy available.
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Background on Cancer and the Role of VEGF |
According to the American Cancer Society, approximately
1.4 million new cancer cases are reported in the United
States annually. Despite significant ongoing drug development
aimed at cancer treatment, cancers of all types result in
approximately 570,000 deaths in the United States each year,
making cancer the second leading cause of death in the United
States. VEGF is a protein that stimulates the process of new
blood vessel formation, known as angiogenesis. By binding to its
receptors on the surface of blood vessel cells, VEGF stimulates
blood vessel growth. VEGF overexpression by tumors is critically
important in the processes of tumor growth and metastasis for
virtually all tumor types. Overexpression of VEGF also plays a
role in other diseases, including ophthalmic diseases such as
age-related macular degeneration.
Because of the role of VEGF in cancer and other diseases, there
has been significant drug discovery activity focused on
identifying drugs that target VEGF and its function with the
goal of curtailing pathological angiogenesis. Most anti-VEGF
compounds that are on the market or under development are
designed to prevent VEGF from binding to its receptors, rather
than to inhibit the formation of VEGF itself. For example, this
is the mechanism of action of Genentech, Inc.s monoclonal
antibody, Avastin. The FDA recently approved Avastin for use in
combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of colorectal
cancer. Genentech reported that U.S. sales of Avastin were
$1.1 billion in 2005. Although Avastin has been successful
in slowing the time of tumor progression, the drug does not
eradicate cancers. Accordingly, there is an unmet medical need
for agents that either eliminate tumors or further reduce the
pace of tumor progression. We believe that targeting VEGF by a
different mechanism of action may work in a complementary manner
with Avastin and other cancer therapies.
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PTC299 Scientific Background |
Post-transcriptional control processes play a critical role in
VEGF production. The initiation of protein translation in most
cases depends upon the interaction of ribosomes and associated
factors at the end of the mRNA from which translation commences.
This mRNA structure is designated as the five prime cap, or
5 cap, and the untranslated region to which the
5 cap is attached is designated as the five prime
UTR, or 5 UTR, of the mRNA. Normal translation
usually requires the 5 cap. This cap-dependent
translation is largely suppressed under conditions of cell
stress, such as the occurrence of subnormal concentrations of
oxygen, a state known as cell hypoxia. However, the
5 UTR of the mRNA that is used in the formation of
VEGF contains a sequence, known as a cellular internal ribosomal
entry site, or IRES, that initiates the synthesis of VEGF
independently of normal cap-dependent translation. In fact,
IRES-dependent VEGF translation increases in the presence of
cell hypoxia. As a result, under the hypoxic conditions commonly
found in tumors, there is an increase in the amount of VEGF
produced. This increased production of VEGF can lead to the
subsequent angiogenesis that supports tumor growth.
We have designed PTC299 to inhibit VEGF production in tumors by
targeting the post-transcriptional processes that regulate VEGF
formation. Based on our preclinical testing, we believe that
PTC299 functions through the 5 UTR of the VEGF mRNA.
Because PTC299 inhibits VEGF production, its action occurs at a
different point in the VEGF pathway than therapies, such as
Avastin, that target the binding of VEGF to its receptors on the
surface of blood vessel cells. We believe that PTC299 may be
active both as a single agent or when used in combination with
other anti-angiogenic agents or with chemotherapy agents for the
treatment of cancers. PTC299 may also prove clinically useful in
other diseases where VEGF levels play a key role, such as in
age-related macular degeneration.
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Preclinical Development of PTC299 |
We have conducted multiple in vitro and animal
preclinical studies of PTC299. Key findings of these studies
include the following:
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In in vitro studies PTC299 was a potent inhibitor of
tumor VEGF production. In these studies, PTC299 demonstrated a
broad range of activity in blocking VEGF synthesis in multiple
tumor types, including breast, cervical, colorectal,
fibrosarcoma, gastric, lung, melanoma, neuroblastoma, ovarian,
pancreas, prostate and renal cell cancer lines. |
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In multiple animal studies, PTC299 as a monotherapy
significantly reduced VEGF concentrations in tumors and plasma,
reduced tumor blood vessel density and substantially impeded
tumor progression. In addition, in animal studies, PTC299
enhanced the antitumor activity of chemotherapy agents and of
Avastin when given as a component of combination therapy. |
We believe that safety pharmacology and toxicology studies
indicate that PTC299 has an acceptable preclinical safety
toxicity profile to proceed to Phase 1a clinical testing in
healthy volunteers. In vitro and in vivo
safety pharmacology studies showed no adverse off-target
effects and no toxicities in major organ systems. Toxicology
studies in rats and dogs through seven days indicated good
tolerability at doses and exposures in excess of those required
for VEGF inhibition in rats and dogs.
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Clinical Development of PTC299 |
Phase 1a Single-Dose Clinical Trial in Healthy
Volunteers. In April 2006, we commenced a Phase 1a
clinical trial of PTC299. We have designed this trial as a
single-site, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
escalating single-dose safety and pharmacokinetic study in
healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 55. We are
conducting this trial in Belgium. We believe that an initial
single-dose study of PTC299 in healthy volunteers may allow us
to rapidly assess the clinical and pharmacokinetic proprieties
of PTC299 in support of a subsequent Phase 1b multiple-dose
study in patients with cancer.
We are conducting the Phase 1a trial in two stages. In the
first stage, we expect to enroll a total of 40 subjects in five
cohorts of eight subjects each. The cohorts will undergo five
sequential dose escalations of PTC299. At each treatment
administration, six subjects in each cohort will receive a
single dose of PTC299
53
and two subjects will receive a single dose of placebo. We plan
to commence the second stage of the trial after we determine the
highest safe dose level in the first stage. In the second stage,
we expect to enroll 12 new subjects to evaluate the effect of
food on the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of PTC299. All
participants will take the study medication orally in capsule
form. These capsules consist of the active pharmaceutical
ingredient of PTC299, in a lipid-soluble form. We are also
developing a back-up
candidate to PTC299 that may be formulated in a water-soluble
form.
The primary objective of this Phase 1a clinical trial is to
determine a dose range for PTC299 that is well tolerated,
achieves pharmacologically active plasma concentrations and is
appropriate for use in a subsequent Phase 1b multiple-dose
study. We also expect to assess the side effect profile, drug
pharmacokinetics and effects on VEGF concentrations in the
blood. We expect to complete this trial in the second quarter of
2006.
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Plans for Future Development |
If our Phase 1a clinical trial of PTC299 is successful, we
plan to initiate a Phase 1b single-arm, open-label,
dose-ranging study in late 2006 in patients with advanced solid
tumors whose disease has progressed during therapy or for whom
there is no therapy available. We expect to conduct this trial
in either the United States or Europe.
In this trial, we plan to administer PTC299 to patients in
escalating doses in order to determine a maximum tolerated dose.
At the maximum tolerated dose, we plan to enroll at least
18 patients to assess the safety of PTC299 and the activity
of PTC299 as measured by evaluations of VEGF levels in the
blood. We also plan to assess effects on tumor size. The primary
objective of this trial will be to establish the maximum
tolerated dose and appropriate dose range of PTC299 for
application in Phase 2 clinical trials. We expect to
complete this Phase 1b trial in late 2007 or early 2008.
If the results of our planned Phase 1a and Phase 1b
clinical trials of PTC299 are favorable, we plan to advance
PTC299 into additional clinical trials in selected solid tumor
indications. We expect to determine those indications based on
considerations including scientific rationale, preclinical
efficacy, medical need, competitive positioning, patient
enrollment potential and the regulatory environment. We
anticipate potentially evaluating PTC299 in these clinical
trials in combination with chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or
anti-angiogenic agents that are typically used to treat the
selected indications.
Using our GEMS technology, we have identified a number of small
molecules from our compound library that, in in vitro
studies, selectively inhibited the translation of the
hepatitis C virus protein without inhibiting human host
cell translation. In March 2006, we entered into a collaboration
with Schering-Plough for the development and commercialization
of the compounds in our hepatitis C program. Pursuant to
the collaboration, we and Schering-Plough will conduct a joint
research program relating to these compounds, and
Schering-Plough will be responsible for worldwide development
and eventual commercialization efforts for any product
candidates that are developed. Schering-Plough has made an
upfront payment to us of $12.0 million and has agreed to
provide funding for our research activities. In addition, we are
eligible to receive more than $200 million in payments if
we achieve specified development, regulatory and sales
milestones. We are also entitled to royalties on sales of
products developed pursuant to the collaboration, with the
royalty percentage based on specified thresholds of worldwide
net product sales.
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Background on Hepatitis C |
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can
result from infection with one of several known viruses, the
most common of which are the hepatitis A virus, the hepatitis B
virus and the hepatitis C virus. The hepatitis C virus
is generally referred to as HCV. Hepatitis A is an acute disease
from which individuals typically recover and is rarely fatal. In
contrast, hepatitis B and hepatitis C often become chronic,
progressive liver disorders, potentially leading to liver
scarring, known as cirrhosis, and death from liver failure or
liver cancer. Because of the risks associated with hepatitis B
and hepatitis C, there is significant drug development
effort directed at finding therapeutics for patients with
chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C.
54
Chronic hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver failure
requiring liver transplantation in both the United States and
Europe. According to the World Health Organization,
approximately 170 million people, or roughly 3% of the
worlds population, are chronically infected with HCV. The
Centers for Disease Control, or CDC, estimate that more than
2.7 million people in the United States have chronic HCV
infection. In addition, according to a 1997 National Institutes
of Health Consensus Panel Statement, approximately 8,000 to
10,000 patients die annually in the United States from
complications resulting from this infection. We expect the
prevalence of cirrhosis and the incidence of its complications,
including various forms of liver cancer and liver related
deaths, to increase dramatically over the next 10 to
20 years. Reports published by Decision Research estimate
that the annual worldwide market for hepatitis C
therapeutics currently exceeds $3 billion and may exceed
$10 billion by 2014.
There are at least six basic genetic variants, or genotypes, of
HCV. The different genotypes vary in prevalence in different
regions of the world. In the United States, Europe and Japan,
the genotype 1 strain of HCV is the most predominant. This
genotype is responsible for more than 70% of hepatitis C
infections in the United States and Japan and is the predominant
HCV genotype in Western Europe. Of the six basic HCV genotypes,
the genotype 1 strain is the most difficult to treat with
currently available therapies.
There are no available vaccines against HCV. The current
standard of care for the treatment of HCV is a combination of
two drugs, interferon and ribavirin. More than 50% of patients
infected with the genotype 1 strain of HCV generally do not
respond to this therapy. In addition, there are significant side
effects to this therapy, which often result in dose reductions
or premature treatment termination. Product candidates currently
in development, such as protease and polymerase inhibitors, have
shown rapid development of viral resistance. Thus, there remains
a significant unmet medical need for new HCV treatments. We
believe that targeting HCV by a different mechanism of action
that may work in a complementary manner with other HCV therapies
may prove important.
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HCV Program Scientific Background |
The hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus. The viral genome
encodes all of the proteins required for viral reproduction. The
HCV RNA does not have a 5 cap structure, but has a
large 5 UTR that forms an extensive secondary
structure harboring an HCV IRES. The HCV IRES initiates
translation using a mechanism that is distinct from the
cap-dependent translation involved in normal cellular protein
synthesis. The HCV IRES has a critically important function in
replication of the HCV virus. As a result, this sequence of RNA
is present in all HCV genotypes. This makes the HCV IRES an
attractive target for the development of a broad-spectrum
anti-HCV agent that is potentially active against all HCV
genotypes. Based on our knowledge of the difference between HCV
and host cellular protein synthesis, we have designed compounds
that have selectively inhibited viral replication in several
in vitro surrogate cell-based systems. Because the
IRES is distinct from viral proteins targeted by existing drugs
and other product candidates in development, such as protease or
polymerase inhibitors, we believe that our compounds under
development may be useful in combination with these other
agents. In addition, the essential nature of the IRES may reduce
the prospect for resistance to our compounds.
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Lead Compound Optimization and Plans for Future
Development |
We are engaged in late stage chemical optimization of lead
compounds in our HCV program. Using our GEMS technology, we have
screened our library of compounds to identify a number of
potential development candidates that, in in vitro
testing, specifically inhibited protein synthesis by
interacting with the HCV IRES, did not inhibit normal cellular
cap-dependent translation and did not display toxicity to cells.
Notably, these compounds have displayed equal activity against
the IRESs from all common HCV genotypes, including the genotype
1 strain of HCV. Through our collaboration with Schering-Plough,
we will continue our research activities with respect to these
compounds so that Schering-Plough may select one or more
development candidates. Schering-Plough has worldwide clinical
development and commercialization rights under the collaboration.
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Our Discovery Stage Programs
We believe that targeting post-transcriptional control processes
offers opportunities to discover and develop novel therapies for
a wide range of diseases. Currently, our most advanced discovery
programs are in the areas of antibacterial therapy, anemia and
musculoskeletal disorders. In each of these programs we have
identified multiple post-transcriptional targets and compounds
that have demonstrated in vitro and, in many cases,
in vivo activity. We intend to initiate additional
discovery programs in disease areas that we believe to be well
suited to our approach and for which we believe there is
significant unmet medical need and commercial opportunity.
Our discovery stage programs include the following:
Although currently available antibiotics are effective in
treating many bacterial infections, the emergence of resistant
strains of bacteria, particularly in the hospital setting, is an
increasing worldwide problem. Current therapies do not always
address these new resistant strains of bacteria, resulting in a
significant unmet medical need for treatments for these new
resistant strains of bacteria. We believe that a new
broad-spectrum antibiotic directed at a novel target could be an
important treatment for bacterial infections.
We have developed a screening technology to identify compounds
with the potential to combat infectious bacteria by altering
bacterial post-transcriptional control processes. Our most
advanced program targets an enzyme known as peptidyl-tRNA
hydrolase, or Pth. The Pth enzyme appears to play a key role in
a post-transcriptional control process important for all
bacteria. We believe that this enzyme is an attractive target
because it appears to be essential for bacterial survival.
Because the Pth enzyme is present in many types of bacteria, we
anticipate that Pth inhibitors could be broad-spectrum
antibiotics. Currently there are no drugs that inhibit the Pth
enzyme. In in vitro tests, the lead compounds in our
antibacterial program demonstrated significant activity against
several drug-resistant strains of bacteria, including
methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant
Enterococci. These antibacterial effects have been
achieved without toxicity being observed in human cell lines.
Anemia is a condition that results from a reduced number of red
blood cells in circulation, which in turn can lead to
insufficient delivery of oxygen to tissues. Common causes of
anemia include kidney failure, chronic inflammation,
chemotherapy, vitamin deficiency and bleeding. The incidence of
anemia has been estimated by DNAPrint Genomics to be as high as
8% in the developed world and higher in the undeveloped world.
The hormone erythropoietin, or EPO, is the master regulator of
red blood cell production. Increasing the concentration of EPO
in the blood is a clinically proven method to alleviate anemia.
AS Insights estimates that the worldwide market for recombinant
human EPO protein replacement products exceeds $10 billion
and is growing at an average annual rate of 21%. All currently
approved EPO therapies rely on injection, which is an expensive
and inconvenient method of administration. We believe that a
small-molecule approach to increasing EPO levels might be able
to overcome these disadvantages.
We have applied our GEMS technology to identify small-molecule
post-transcriptional activators of EPO gene expression. We have
identified several structural classes of small molecules that
increase EPO expression in animal models and have favorable
pharmaceutical properties.
Separate from our development of PTC124 for genetic disorders,
we have entered into a collaboration with Parent Project
Muscular Dystrophy to identify additional new drugs with the
potential to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy by affecting
post-transcriptional control processes. Parent Project Muscular
Dystrophy is a patient advocacy organization that supports drug
discovery efforts as part of its mission to improve the well
being of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. With support
from this organization, we have applied our GEMS technology to
five different proteins that may be targets for new therapies
for patients with
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy who would not be candidates for
PTC124 treatment because their disease is not caused by a
nonsense mutation. In 2004, we performed five high throughput
screens against these targets. From these screens, we have
identified a number of molecules that demonstrated promising
activity in early in vitro studies. We are now
developing additional data with respect to these targets to
begin further characterization of these molecules. This
characterization will include preclinical assessment of potency,
toxicity and pharmaceutical properties together with chemical
optimization. Our goal is to identify appropriate candidates to
advance into preclinical and clinical development.
Scientific Background of Post-Transcriptional Control
Processes
Proteins are present in all living beings and are essential for
the life of each cell as well as the life of the entire
organism. To produce proteins, organisms use information encoded
in their genes. Genes consist of discrete stretches of DNA
molecules located within chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.
Not all of the genes in an organism are used, or expressed, at
once. To express a gene and create a protein, the cell follows
an ordered, multi-step process.
The first major step in the process of gene expression is called
transcription. During transcription, the cell copies the
information from a gene to create an RNA molecule that is
subsequently processed into a molecule of mRNA. Each mRNA
molecule is specific to a particular gene and exists in the cell
only for the period it is needed. When present in the cell, the
mRNA is used in the next major step of gene expression, called
translation. During translation, a specialized cellular
apparatus, called the ribosome, decodes the information in each
mRNA molecule to produce an individual protein.
Post-transcriptional control processes are the events that occur
in cells following the transcription of DNA to make mRNA. These
processes include mRNA processing, transport and eventual
degradation, as well as translation of mRNA into protein. These
processes also modulate how long an mRNA molecule lasts in the
cell and how efficiently the mRNA is used to make its protein.
The quantity of a particular protein produced in a given time
period depends both on how much of the mRNA that codes for that
protein is in the cell and on how efficiently the cellular
translation apparatus uses that mRNA. Precise control of mRNA
utilization is critical for many important functions, including
the cell division cycle, the immune response and the growth and
repair of tissues.
Portions of mRNA molecules that do not directly code for
proteins, known as untranslated regions, or UTRs, are unique to
specific mRNAs and are directly involved in the
post-transcriptional control of protein production. Interactions
of other molecules in the cell with the UTRs and other control
structures on the mRNA can modulate the rate at which mRNA is
degraded and eliminated from the cell as well as the mRNAs
translational efficiency. These regulatory molecules in the cell
also often interact with each other. The various
post-transcriptional control processes are critical to proper
cellular function and provide the organism with a diverse array
of approaches to modulate protein levels in response to specific
biological needs.
Our Post-Transcriptional Control Drug Discovery
Technologies
We have assembled an integrated set of proprietary technologies
for the discovery of small molecules that target
post-transcriptional control processes. Our technologies allow
us to perform multiple screens of our compound library in
different therapeutic areas in an expeditious and cost-effective
manner. Our scientists are able to conduct a drug discovery
program from target identification and characterization to the
identification of selective lead molecules with defined
pharmaceutical properties within months.
GEMS is the principal technology that we use to identify
small-molecule drug candidates that have the potential to
up-regulate or down-regulate protein levels. The compounds that
we identify using GEMS modulate gene expression by targeting the
post-transcriptional control processes that act through the UTRs
of mRNA molecules. We have used our GEMS technology in the
discovery and development of PTC299 and to identify the lead
compounds in our HCV program. Furthermore, we are conducting
preclinical testing of a number of compounds in other programs
that we have identified through GEMS.
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The Importance of UTRs in Post-Transcriptional Control
Processes |
The mRNA of humans consists of several specific regions. At the
beginning of an mRNA molecule is the 5 cap, which is
a structure attached to the mRNA through a post-transcriptional
process. Adjacent to the 5 cap is the
5 UTR. Located next to the 5 UTR is the
open reading frame, which contains the information that the
ribosomes decode to produce proteins. The 3 UTR
follows the open reading frame. The terminal element of the
3 UTR is a structure known as the poly(A) tail. The
following diagram illustrates the mRNA structure.
The UTRs of mRNA have important roles in the regulation of
protein production by the cell because they contain the
instructions for how much protein should be made from a given
mRNA molecule. The information in the UTRs can determine whether
one protein molecule is synthesized per mRNA or thousands of
copies of a protein are synthesized. The UTRs usually function
independently from other elements of mRNA, such as the open
reading frame. Our GEMS technology takes advantage of this
property of UTRs to identify small molecules that modulate
post-transcriptional control.
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Our GEMS and Other Discovery Technologies |
Before applying our GEMS technology, we seek to identify target
proteins of potential biological and medical relevance to human
disease. We select targets based on our reviews of the
biomedical literature and discussions with our scientific
advisors. We analyze each potential target to determine whether
its cellular production is likely to be affected by
post-transcriptional control processes and to assess the
clinical feasibility of developing a therapeutic that acts on
the target.
After identifying a target, we precisely identify the UTRs of
the gene for that target. We then link the sequences of the UTRs
with a reporter gene so that the target genes UTRs flank
the open reading frame of the reporter gene. The following
diagram illustrates this process.
In most cases, we derive the reporter from the firefly
luciferase gene. Luciferase is a protein that performs a
chemical reaction that produces light. Compounds that act at the
UTRs to modulate luciferase protein levels increase or decrease
the amount of light produced. By measuring changes in the amount
of light, we can rapidly assess the effect of a test compound on
post-transcriptional processes.
The next step of our GEMS technology is to develop stable cell
lines that express the UTR-reporter gene constructs. We test
these cell lines against our compound library using
high-throughput screening technology. In a typical screen, we
assay the effect of the compounds in our library to identify
those that are likely to enhance or inhibit expression of the
target gene by modulating the post-transcriptional control
processes that act through that targets UTRs. We can
screen our entire library of approximately 200,000 compounds in
one week.
We then select compounds that demonstrate statistically
significant alterations in reporter expression for further
characterization in secondary assays. These assays monitor the
dose-response profile of the compounds, their cell-based
activity against the target and their specificity and
selectivity against other protein targets. Based on the results
of these analyses, and on the compounds pharmacological
activity and toxicity in animal models, we identify lead
compounds and initiate chemical lead optimization. The goal of
lead optimization is to improve compound efficacy, potency and
pharmaceutical properties, so that we can select a development
candidate to evaluate in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
We have developed considerable knowledge in the area of
post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Using this
knowledge, we have discovered new elements in UTRs that regulate
gene expression and have built databases that allow us to
identify targets that are suitable for our technology. We have
also
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discovered new regulatory mechanisms that require cooperative
interaction between sequences situated in both the 5 and
3 UTRs of the mRNA and the proteins that interact with
these elements. These cooperative interactions play an essential
role in regulating the protein levels of important genes and, we
believe, represent new and promising targets for the selective
modulation of gene expression in a number of therapeutic areas,
including genetic disorders, oncology, infectious diseases,
anemia and musculoskeletal disorders, as well as inflammation,
metabolic disorders, cardiovascular conditions and neurological
disorders.
We believe that our GEMS technology enables us to identify
small-molecule compounds that alter protein production for
previously intractable target proteins and target proteins that
have not yet been isolated or structurally characterized. In
addition, we believe that a key advantage of our GEMS technology
is that it is commercially scalable. In particular, we can
screen a large number of medically relevant targets in a short
period of time and continually add targets to the screening tier.
In addition to GEMS, we have developed several other proprietary
approaches to identify compounds with the potential to treat
disease by interacting with post-transcriptional control
processes. For example, we discovered PTC124 using an approach
that identifies compounds that can overcome a nonsense mutation
in the open reading frame of a reporter gene. In addition, our
antibacterial program stems from a drug discovery platform we
developed that identifies compounds directed against the
synthesis or metabolism of a type of RNA, called transfer RNA,
that is required for protein synthesis.
We believe that our compound library of approximately 200,000
diverse compounds is another important asset of our drug
discovery and development efforts. We designed this library to
maximize diversity and drug-like characteristics relevant to the
targeting of post-transcriptional control processes. We support
the library with an automated infrastructure for compound
handling and housing, thereby allowing rapid and accurate
robotic integration of this chemistry resource with our drug
discovery technologies.
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Integrated Research and Development Infrastructure |
We have integrated the biology, chemistry, pharmacology and
clinical aspects of our drug discovery and development
activities. To do so, we employ extensive and sophisticated
informatics across biology and chemistry and multiple predictive
approaches to target identification, compound analoging and lead
optimization. We believe that the integration of these
disciplines enhances the speed, efficiency and yield of our drug
discovery processes. Using this infrastructure, we have
established a large, proprietary dataset pertaining to the
activity of our compound library. We routinely perform
computational analysis of this dataset, which allows us to
rapidly identify compounds that demonstrate specificity against
a desired target. This capability enables us to quickly progress
from the initial stage of screening compounds to the
identification and optimization of chemical hits from those
screens. As we assess pharmacological properties, such as
bioavailability, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, we integrate
this information into a database so that we can subsequently
compare large numbers of compounds and select those with the
most desirable properties. During this process, there is
frequent consultation among our biology, chemistry, pharmacology
and clinical disciplines so that we select final development
candidates we believe will demonstrate the desired
characteristics when advanced into preclinical and clinical
development.
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Use of Pharmacodynamic Markers in Clinical Trials |
In our development activities, we generally focus on indications
for which there are well-defined pharmacodynamic markers that
can serve as measurements of efficacy, or endpoints, in human
clinical trials. Pharmacodynamic markers generally are cellular
or tissue functions, enzyme activities or protein levels that
are indicative of clinical improvement of the underlying
disease. Although the FDA typically requires more direct
measures of clinical improvement in later stage clinical trials,
the benefit of pharmacodynamic markers is that they can allow
for a rapid determination of signals of potential drug function
in early-stage clinical trials. One of the reasons that we chose
cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy as our initial
target indications for PTC124 is that there are well-established
pharmacodynamic markers for both of these
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disorders. There are also pharmacodynamic markers for the
anti-VEGF mechanism of action of PTC299, and viral load may be a
pharmacodynamic marker in clinical trials for any HCV product
candidates that result from our collaboration with
Schering-Plough.
Our Strategy
Our goal is to become a leading pharmaceutical company focused
on developing and commercializing small-molecule therapeutics
that target post-transcriptional control processes and address
unmet medical needs. To achieve our goal, we are pursuing the
following strategies:
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Rapidly advance our lead programs. We are devoting
a significant portion of our resources and business efforts to
completing the development of our most advanced product
candidates. We plan to complete our Phase 2 clinical trials
of PTC124 for the treatment of cystic fibrosis and Duchenne
muscular dystrophy and advance this product candidate into
pivotal clinical trials as rapidly as possible. In addition, we
believe that PTC124 may have applicability to a significant
number of other genetic disorders for which a nonsense mutation
is the cause of the disease. Similarly, we believe that PTC299,
our anti-angiogenesis product candidate, may have potential to
treat a range of solid tumor cancers as well as other diseases
in which angiogenesis and VEGF overexpression play a role, such
as age-related macular degeneration. We plan to pursue these
additional potential commercial opportunities for PTC124 and
PTC299 aggressively. For our genetic disorder program with
PTC124, we are collaborating with patient advocacy groups,
foundations and government agencies in order to obtain financial
support, access to thought leaders and assistance in obtaining
market acceptance of products that we successfully develop. We
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Apply our integrated approach to continue to discover and
develop small molecules that alter post-transcriptional control
processes. We are applying several proprietary
technologies, including GEMS, to the discovery and development
of small molecules designed to exert therapeutic effects by
altering post-transcriptional control processes. We have
steadily enhanced these technologies, which span the key
disciplines of biology, chemistry and pharmacology, over a
number of years. Because post-transcriptional control processes
offer many targets for therapeutic intervention and because
drugs that alter these processes have the potential to both
up-regulate and down-regulate protein production, we believe
that our approach may be applicable to a broad range of
diseases. We plan to continue to build our technologies for
application in the field of post-transcriptional control
processes and to apply these technologies in discovering and
developing treatments in new therapeutic areas. |
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Build a specialized sales and marketing
infrastructure. We plan to establish our own sales and
marketing capabilities. We expect to accomplish this initially
by retaining commercial rights for our product candidates for
which we receive marketing approvals in situations in which we
believe it is possible to access the market through a focused,
specialized sales force. For example, for PTC124, we believe
that the pulmonologists and neurologists who are the key
specialists in treating cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular
dystrophy are sufficiently concentrated that we will be able to
effectively promote the product with our own targeted sales
force. For some situations in which we enter into commercial
collaborations with third-party pharmaceutical and biotechnology
companies, our goal will be to maintain co-promotion or
co-commercialization rights in the United States and, in some
cases, other markets, in order to further develop our internal
sales and marketing capabilities. |
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Selectively establish strategic alliances with leading
pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. For each of
our product candidates, we plan to evaluate the merits of
retaining commercialization rights for ourselves or entering
into collaboration arrangements with leading pharmaceutical or
biotechnology companies, such as our collaborations with
Schering-Plough and Bausch & Lomb. Our decision to
enter into additional collaboration arrangements will be based
on such factors as anticipated development costs, therapeutic
expertise and the commercial infrastructure required to access a
particular market. We generally plan to seek collaborators for
the development and commercialization of product candidates that
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directed at indications for which a potential collaborator has a
particular expertise or that involve markets that can be served
more effectively by a large sales and marketing organization. |
Our Collaborations
A key element of our strategy is to establish strategic
collaborations with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology
companies. To date, we have entered into collaborations with
Schering-Plough Corporation and Bausch & Lomb. These
collaborations provide us with an opportunity to extend our
post-transcriptional drug discovery technology into additional
therapeutic areas and to benefit from the research, development
and commercialization capabilities of our collaborators as well
as to augment our financial resources.
In March 2006, we entered into a collaboration and license
agreement with a subsidiary of Schering-Plough Corporation under
which we and Schering-Plough are collaborating in the discovery,
development and commercialization of compounds for the treatment
of HCV and other viral diseases. Pursuant to the collaboration
agreement, Schering-Plough paid us an upfront non-refundable
payment of $12.0 million. Schering-Plough has additional
financial obligations described below.
Research Collaboration. The agreement provides for
a research collaboration under which we and Schering-Plough will
conduct a research program designed to discover, identify,
synthesize and evaluate our compounds for use in the prevention,
treatment or diagnosis of HCV. During the research term,
Schering-Plough has agreed to provide us with funding, based on
a full-time equivalent rate, for an agreed upon number of
full-time equivalent scientific or research and development
personnel that we dedicate to the research program. The initial
research term is three years. Schering-Plough has two options to
extend the research term for an additional term of one year per
option. Schering-Plough can terminate the research term in the
circumstances described below.
Development and Commercialization. Schering-Plough
is responsible for worldwide clinical development and
commercialization of any compounds that it elects to advance
from our research collaboration. We have granted Schering-Plough
worldwide exclusive licenses, with the right to grant
sublicenses, to our patent rights and know-how with respect to
compounds arising from the collaboration that exhibit high
anti-HCV activity. We are eligible to receive more than
$200 million in payments if specified development,
regulatory and sales milestones are achieved. Some of these
milestones relate to second products or indications. We are also
entitled to royalties on sales of products developed pursuant to
the collaboration, with the royalty percentage based on
specified thresholds of worldwide net product sales.
Schering-Ploughs obligation to pay us royalties at full
rates will expire generally on a country-by-country basis on the
expiration of the
last-to-expire patent
covering a product in the given country. In some circumstances
following the expiration of all applicable patents in a
particular country,
Schering-Plough may be
obligated to pay us royalties at lower rates for a specified
period following the launch of the product in the country.
Exclusivity. Schering-Plough has the exclusive
right to develop and commercialize compounds arising from the
collaboration that exhibit high anti-HCV activity. Furthermore,
for a period ending on the one-year anniversary of the
expiration or termination of the research term, except in the
case of certain terminations of the collaboration agreement or
in the event that Schering-Plough in-licenses or acquires
certain compounds or products, neither we nor Schering-Plough is
permitted, outside the collaboration, to conduct any research or
development on compounds that have as their primary mechanism of
action the inhibition, either directly or indirectly, of viral
replication by virtue of decreasing IRES-dependent translation
of viral proteins.
Termination. Unless terminated earlier, the
collaboration agreement will continue on a country-by-country
and a product-by-product basis until there are no remaining
royalty payment obligations in the given country with respect to
the particular product.
Schering-Ploughs termination rights under the
collaboration agreement include the following:
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the right to terminate the collaboration agreement upon prior
written notice at any time after the third anniversary of the
effective date of the agreement; |
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the right to terminate the collaboration agreement if, during
the research term, a third-party patent or patent application
that could substantially interfere with compounds that we are
pursuing under the research collaboration is granted or
published in a major market and we are not able to mutually
agree on an applicable course of action or obtain a
non-infringement opinion with respect to such patent or patent
application; and |
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the right to terminate the research program or the collaboration
agreement upon prior written notice if Schering-Plough has not
accepted a development candidate within two years of the
effective date of the agreement. |
Either party may terminate the collaboration agreement in the
event of an uncured material breach by the other party or in the
event of the other partys bankruptcy or insolvency. In
addition, Schering-Plough has the right to terminate the
research program upon specified changes of control of us
involving competitors of Schering-Plough.
Upon termination of the collaboration agreement in specified
circumstances, including termination by Schering-Plough for
convenience or termination by us as a result of
Schering-Ploughs breach or bankruptcy, we have the right
to assume the development and commercialization of product
candidates arising from the collaboration agreement. In that
event, we may become obligated to pay royalties to
Schering-Plough on net sales of any products for which we
receive regulatory approvals.
Joint Steering Committee. The collaboration is
governed by a joint steering committee, consisting of an equal
number of representatives of us and Schering-Plough. The parties
have agreed to use reasonable good faith efforts to reach
consensus on all decisions within the responsibility of the
joint steering committee. If the parties cannot reach agreement,
including, in the case of decisions relating to the research
collaboration, after following a specified decision resolution
procedure, Schering-Ploughs decision will control.
However, Schering-Plough may not make decisions relating to the
research collaboration that are inconsistent with
Schering-Ploughs funding obligations, that would require
us to undertake specified research activities unrelated to the
optimization or characterization of the compounds being pursued
under the collaboration, or that would prevent us from
presenting for designation a development candidate or a
back-up development
candidate.
In December 2005, we entered into a research collaboration and
exclusive option agreement with Bausch & Lomb under
which Bausch & Lomb is evaluating compounds from our
anti-angiogenesis program for the purpose of identifying
potential candidates for development by Bausch & Lomb
for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases associated with
angiogenesis, including macular degeneration. Under the terms of
the agreement, we granted Bausch & Lomb the exclusive
option to license specified compounds, which we refer to as the
program compounds, for the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of
diseases of the eye. If Bausch & Lomb exercises its
option for any of the program compounds, Bausch & Lomb
would be obligated to pay us an option exercise fee and we and
Bausch & Lomb would enter into a license agreement in a
pre-negotiated form. Under any such license, we would be
eligible to receive up to $17.5 million in payments based
on the achievement of specified development, regulatory and
sales milestones with respect to the first compound developed
under the applicable license. We would also be entitled to
receive royalties on sales of products developed pursuant to any
such license, with the royalty percentage based on specified
thresholds of worldwide net product sales. In addition, we
granted Bausch & Lomb the exclusive option to license
specified alternative compounds, which we refer to as the
development compounds, for the treatment, diagnosis or
prevention of diseases of the eye through local delivery to the
eye. If Bausch & Lomb exercises its option for any of
the development compounds, we and Bausch & Lomb would
enter into a license agreement on terms, including financial
terms, to be negotiated. If we and Bausch & Lomb are
not able to reach agreement on license terms for the development
compounds within a specified period, Bausch &
Lombs option to license the development compounds will
expire. Bausch & Lomb has one year from the date of the
agreement to exercise any of its license options.
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In exchange for the one-year options, Bausch & Lomb
paid us an upfront non-refundable option grant fee of $300,000
and agreed to provide us with research funding during the option
term to compensate us for completing agreed research.
Bausch & Lomb has the right to extend the option term
with respect to the program compounds for an additional six
months in exchange for an extension fee. Either we or
Bausch & Lomb may terminate the agreement in the event
of the other partys uncured material breach of the
agreement. Bausch & Lomb may terminate the agreement
without cause upon 90 days written notice to us. Upon
expiration of Bausch & Lombs license options, the
rights to compounds that Bausch & Lomb has not elected
to license revert to us.
Intellectual Property
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Patents and Trade Secrets |
Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and
maintain proprietary protection for our product candidates,
technology and know-how, to operate without infringing the
proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from
infringing our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to
protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing
U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our proprietary
technology, inventions and improvements that are important to
the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets,
know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing
opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position.
As of December 31, 2005, we owned or exclusively licensed a
total of 15 U.S. patents and 38 U.S. patent applications as
well as numerous foreign counterparts to many of these patents
and patent applications. Our patent portfolio includes patents
and patent applications with claims directed to the composition
of matter, pharmaceutical formulation and methods of use of many
of our compounds, including PTC124 and PTC299.
The patent rights relating to PTC124 owned or licensed by us
consist of one issued U.S. composition of matter patent and
multiple patent applications relating to composition of matter,
methods of use, formulation and dosing. The issued patent is
currently set to expire in 2024 and all U.S. patents that issue
from the pending U.S. patent applications would currently
expire in 2024, except for one, which would expire in 2026. All
of these patent rights are also the subject of counterpart
patent applications in a number of other jurisdictions,
including Europe and Japan. The patent rights relating to PTC299
owned by us consist of two U.S. patent applications and one
counterpart PCT patent application which designates other
jurisdictions, including Europe and Japan. These patent
applications relate to the composition of matter, methods of use
and formulation of PTC299. Any U.S. patents that issue from the
pending U.S. patent applications relating to PTC299 would
currently expire in 2025. U.S. patents generally have a term of
20 years from the filing date of the earliest
non-provisional application.
The patent positions of companies like ours are generally
uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Our
ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for
our technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective
claims and enforcing those claims once granted. We do not know
whether any of our patent applications or those patent
applications that we license will result in the issuance of any
patents. Our issued patents and those that may issue in the
future, or those licensed to us, may be challenged, narrowed,
circumvented or found to be invalid or unenforceable, which
could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing
related products or the length of term of patent protection that
we may have for our products. Neither we nor our licensors can
be certain that we were the first to invent the inventions
claimed in our owned or licensed patents or patent applications.
In addition, our competitors may independently develop similar
technologies or duplicate any technology developed by us, and
the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us
with any meaningful competitive advantages against these
competitors. Furthermore, because of the extensive time required
for development, testing and regulatory review of a potential
product, it is possible that, before any of our products can be
commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force
for only a short period following commercialization, thereby
reducing any advantage of the patent.
We may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets to protect
our technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to
protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and
processes, in part, by
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confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants,
scientific advisors and contractors. We also seek to preserve
the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets
by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical
and electronic security of our information technology systems.
While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and
systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we
may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our
trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently
discovered by competitors. To the extent that our consultants,
contractors or collaborators use intellectual property owned by
others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights
in related or resulting know-how and inventions.
We are a party to a number of license agreements under which we
license patents, patent applications and other intellectual
property. We enter into these agreements to augment the
significant intellectual property created by our scientists. The
licensed intellectual property covers some of the compounds that
we are researching and developing, some post-transcriptional
control targets and some of the scientific processes that we
use. These licenses impose various diligence and financial
payment obligations on us. We expect to continue to enter into
these types of license agreements in the future.
Manufacturing
We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for
the production of clinical or commercial quantities of PTC124 or
PTC299 or for the compounds that we are testing in our
preclinical programs. We currently rely, and expect to continue
to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product
candidates and any products that we may develop, other than
small amounts of compounds that we synthesize ourselves for
preclinical testing. To date, we have obtained our supply of the
bulk drug substance for both PTC124 and PTC299 from one
third-party manufacturer. We engaged a second manufacturer to
provide the fill and finish services for the finished product
that we are using in our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials of
PTC124 and our Phase 1a clinical trial of PTC299. We are in
the process of negotiating an agreement with a new manufacturer
for the supply of bulk drug substance for our future clinical
trials of PTC124 and PTC299. We obtain our supplies of the
product candidates from these manufacturers pursuant to
agreements that include specific supply timelines and volume
expectations. If any of these manufacturers should become
unavailable to us for any reason, we believe that there are a
number of potential replacements, although we might incur some
delay in identifying and qualifying such replacements.
All of our drug candidates are organic compounds of low
molecular weight, generally called small molecules. We have
selected these compounds not only on the basis of their
potential efficacy and safety, but also for their ease of
synthesis and reasonable cost of their starting materials. In
particular, PTC124 and PTC299 are each manufactured in reliable
and reproducible synthetic processes from readily available
starting materials. The chemistry is amenable to scale up and
does not require unusual equipment in the manufacturing process.
We expect to continue to develop drug candidates that can be
produced cost-effectively at contract manufacturing facilities.
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are
characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense
competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. While
we believe that our technologies, knowledge, experience and
scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we
face potential competition from many different sources,
including commercial pharmaceutical and biotechnology
enterprises, academic institutions, government agencies and
private and public research institutions. Any product candidates
that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with
existing therapies and new therapies that may become available
in the future.
Many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial
resources and expertise in research and development,
manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials,
obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products
than we do. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting
and retaining
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qualified scientific and management personnel, as well as in
acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our
programs. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be
significant competitors, particularly through collaborative
arrangements with large and established companies.
Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our
competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer,
more effective, have fewer side effects, are more convenient or
are less expensive than any products that we may develop. In
addition, our ability to compete may be affected because in some
cases insurers or other third-party payors seek to encourage the
use of generic products. This may have the effect of making
branded products less attractive, from a cost perspective, to
buyers.
If PTC124, PTC299 or an HCV product candidate are approved, they
will compete with currently marketed drugs and potentially with
other product candidates that are currently in development for
the same indications. The competition for our product candidates
includes the following:
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PTC124 for cystic fibrosis. There are currently no
approved therapeutics to treat the root causes of cystic
fibrosis. Current treatments are designed to alleviate the
symptoms of the disease and depend upon the stage of the disease
and the organs involved. Clearing mucus from the lungs is an
important part of the daily cystic fibrosis treatment regimen.
Chest physical therapy is a form of airway clearance that
involves vigorous clapping on the back and chest to dislodge the
thick mucus from the lungs. Other treatments for cystic fibrosis
include TOBI, an aerosolized antibiotic used to treat lung
infections that is marketed by Chiron Corporation, Pulmozyme, a
mucus-thinning drug shown to reduce the number of lung
infections and improve lung function, that is marketed by
Genentech, Inc., and azithromycin, an antibiotic recently proven
to be effective in people with cystic fibrosis whose lungs are
chronically infected with the common bacteria known as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We believe that PTC124 is the
only orally administered product candidate in clinical trials
that is designed to treat the root cause of cystic fibrosis by
restoring CFTR activity through the read through of a nonsense
mutation. However, we are aware of other preclinical and
clinical programs of third parties aimed at modulating CFTR
function, including programs of Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
and Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated. In addition, various
other anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and mucus regulating
product candidates are in clinical development. |
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PTC124 for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. There are
currently no approved therapeutics to treat the root causes of
Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Current treatments seek to address
symptoms through supportive care measures, such as bracing,
joint stretching exercises, tendon release surgery, wheelchair
use and assisted ventilation. Corticosteroids, such as
prednisone and deflazacort are often prescribed to treat some of
the symptoms of the disease. We believe that PTC124 is the only
product candidate in clinical trials that is designed to treat
the root cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by restoring
dystrophin activity through the read through of a nonsense
mutation. We are aware of early stage gene therapy programs of
third parties targeting Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Various
growth factors in development for other indications, including
other forms of muscular dystrophy and amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, may, if approved, be used for the treatment of
Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In addition, Wyeth has a
potentially muscle-enhancing product candidate in Phase 2
clinical trials for muscular dystrophy. |
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PTC299. If approved for the treatment of cancer,
PTC299 would compete with numerous cancer therapies. Most
notably, we expect that PTC299 would compete with other
anti-angiogenesis therapies. These include Genentechs
Avastin and Bayers and Onyxs Nexavar, which act by
preventing VEGF from binding to its receptor, and Pfizer
Inc.s Sutent, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We are also
aware of numerous other
anti-angiogenesis
cancer therapies in development by third parties, including the
VEGF Trap, which is in development by Sanofi-Aventis and
Regeneron. However, we are not aware of any other product
candidates that, like PTC299, are designed to prevent VEGF
formation by targeting post-transcriptional control processes. |
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HCV. The current standard of care for the
treatment of HCV is the combination of interferon and ribavirin.
In addition, there are numerous product candidates for the
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development. These include product candidates of Idenix
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. |
The key competitive factors affecting the success of all of our
product candidates are likely to be their efficacy, safety,
convenience and price.
Sales and Marketing
If we receive regulatory approval for our product candidates, we
plan to commence commercialization activities by building a
focused sales and marketing organization complemented by
selective co-promotion and other arrangements with leading
pharmaceutical or biotechnology collaborators.
We generally expect to retain commercial rights for our product
candidates for which we receive marketing approvals in
situations in which we believe it is possible to access the
market through a focused, specialized sales force. In
particular, we believe that such a sales force could address the
community of pulmonologists and neurologists who are the key
specialists in treating cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular
dystrophy, for which we are developing PTC124. Accordingly, if
PTC124 is approved, we plan to initially build our own internal
sales force to target these specialists.
We also plan to build a marketing and sales management
organization to create and implement marketing strategies for
any products that we market through our own sales organization
and to oversee and support our sales force. The responsibilities
of the marketing organization would include developing
educational initiatives with respect to approved products and
establishing relationships with thought leaders in relevant
fields of medicine.
Government Regulation
Government authorities in the United States, at the federal,
state and local level, and in other countries extensively
regulate, among other things, the research, development,
testing, approval, manufacturing, labeling, post-approval
monitoring and reporting, packaging, promotion, storage,
advertising, distribution, marketing and export and import of
pharmaceutical products such as those we are developing. The
process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent
substantial compliance with appropriate federal, state, local
and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of
substantial time and financial resources.
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United States Government Regulation |
In the United States, the information that must be submitted to
the FDA in order to obtain approval to market a new drug varies
depending upon whether the drug is a new product whose safety
and efficacy have not previously been demonstrated in humans or
a drug whose active ingredients and certain other properties are
the same as those of a previously approved drug. A product whose
safety and efficacy have not previously been demonstrated in
humans will follow the New Drug Application, or NDA, route.
In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and implementing regulations.
Failures to comply with the applicable FDA requirements at any
time during the product development process, approval process or
after approval may result in administrative or judicial
sanctions. These sanctions could include the FDAs
imposition of a clinical hold on trials, refusal to approve
pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, warning
letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial
suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines,
civil penalties or criminal prosecution. Any agency or judicial
enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.
The steps required before a drug may be marketed in the United
States include:
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completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and
formulation studies under the FDAs good laboratory
practices regulations; |
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submission to the FDA of an investigational new drug
application, or IND, for human clinical testing, which must
become effective before human clinical trials may begin and
which must include independent Institutional Review Board, or
IRB, approval at each clinical site before the trials may be
initiated; |
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performance of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials in
accordance with Good Clinical Practices to establish the safety
and efficacy of the product for each indication; |
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submission to the FDA of an NDA; |
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satisfactory completion of an FDA Advisory Committee review, if
applicable; |
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satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the
manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product is
produced to assess compliance with current good manufacturing
practices, or cGMP, to assure that the facilities, methods and
controls are adequate to preserve the products identity,
strength, quality and purity; and |
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FDA review and approval of the NDA. |
Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product
chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies.
An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests,
together with manufacturing information and analytical data, to
the FDA as part of the IND. Some preclinical testing may
continue after the IND is submitted. The IND must become
effective before human clinical trials may begin. An IND will
automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the
FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or
questions about issues such as the conduct of the trials as
outlined in the IND. In that case, the IND sponsor and the FDA
must resolve any outstanding FDA concerns or questions before
clinical trials can proceed. In other words, submission of an
IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to
commence.
Clinical trials involve the administration of the
investigational product to human subjects under the supervision
of qualified investigators. Clinical trials are conducted under
protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the
study, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the
effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each
clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be
submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition, an IRB at
each site at which the study is conducted must approve the
protocol and any amendments. All research subjects must provide
their informed consent in writing.
Clinical trials typically are conducted in three sequential
phases, but the phases may overlap or be combined. Phase 1
trials usually involve the initial introduction of the
investigational drug into healthy volunteers to evaluate the
products safety, dosage tolerance and pharmacokinetics
and, if possible, to gain an early indication of its
effectiveness.
Phase 2 trials usually involve controlled trials in a
limited patient population to:
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evaluate dosage tolerance and appropriate dosage; |
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identify possible adverse effects and safety risks; and |
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provide a preliminary evaluation of the efficacy of the drug for
specific indications. |
Phase 2 trials are sometimes denoted by companies as
Phase 2a or Phase 2b trials. Phase 2a trials
typically represent the first human clinical trial of a drug
candidate in a smaller patient population and are designed to
provide earlier information on drug safety and efficacy.
Phase 2b trials typically involve larger numbers of
patients or longer durations of therapy and may involve
comparison with placebo, standard treatments or other active
comparators.
Phase 3 trials usually further evaluate clinical efficacy
and test further for safety in an expanded patient population.
Phase 3 trials usually involve comparison with placebo,
standard treatments or other active comparators. These trials
are intended to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of
the product and provide an adequate basis for physician
labeling. Phase 3 trials are usually larger, more time
consuming, more complex and more costly than Phase 1 and
Phase 2 trials.
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Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 testing may not be
completed successfully within any specified period, if at all.
Furthermore, the FDA or we may suspend or terminate clinical
trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that
the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable
health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval
of research if the research is not being conducted in accordance
with the IRBs requirements or if the research has been
associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.
Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing,
the results of the preclinical studies and of the clinical
trials, together with other detailed information, including
information on the chemistry, manufacture and composition of the
product, are submitted to the FDA in the form of an NDA
requesting approval to market the product for one or more
indications. In most cases, the NDA must be accompanied by a
substantial user fee. The FDA will initially review the NDA for
completeness before it accepts the NDA for filing. After the NDA
submission is accepted for filing, the FDA reviews the NDA to
determine, among other things, whether a product is safe and
effective for its intended use and whether the product is being
manufactured in accordance with cGMP to assure and preserve the
products identity, strength, quality and purity.
Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, or PREA, NDAs
or supplements to NDAs must contain data to assess the safety
and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all
relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and
administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the
drug is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for
submission of data or full or partial waivers. Unless otherwise
required by regulation, PREA does not apply to any drug for an
indication for which orphan designation has been granted.
Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect the facility or
the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA
will not approve the product unless cGMP compliance is
satisfactory. If the FDA determines the application,
manufacturing process or manufacturing facilities are not
acceptable, it will outline the deficiencies in the submission
and often will request additional testing or information.
Notwithstanding the submission of any requested additional
information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application
does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.
The testing and approval process requires substantial time,
effort and financial resources, and each may take several years
to complete. Data obtained from clinical activities are not
always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying
interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory
approval. The FDA may not grant approval on a timely basis, or
at all. We may encounter difficulties or unanticipated costs in
our efforts to secure necessary governmental approvals, which
could delay or preclude us from marketing our products. The FDA
may limit the indications for use or place other conditions on
any approvals that could restrict the commercial application of
the products. After approval, some types of changes to the
approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing
changes and additional labeling claims, are subject to further
testing requirements and FDA review and approval.
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Post-Approval Requirements |
After regulatory approval of a product is obtained, we are
required to comply with a number of post-approval requirements.
For example, as a condition of approval of an NDA, the FDA may
require post marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the
products safety or efficacy. In addition, holders of an
approved NDA are required to report certain adverse reactions
and production problems to the FDA, to provide updated safety
and efficacy information and to comply with requirements
concerning advertising and promotional labeling for their
products. Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures
must continue to conform to cGMP after approval. The FDA
periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess
compliance with cGMP, which imposes certain procedural,
substantive and recordkeeping requirements. Accordingly,
manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in
the area of production and quality control to maintain
compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance.
We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for
the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our
product candidates. Future FDA inspections may identify
compliance issues at our facilities or at the facilities of our
contract manufacturers that may disrupt production or
distribution, or require
68
substantial resources to correct. In addition, discovery of
problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable
requirements may result in restrictions on a product,
manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA, including withdrawal
or recall of the product from the market or other voluntary,
FDA-initiated or judicial action that could delay or prohibit
further marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or
effectiveness data may require changes to a products
approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and
contraindications. Also, new government requirements, including
those resulting from new legislation, may be established that
could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under
development.
We have received an orphan drug designation from the FDA for our
product candidate PTC124 for the treatment of cystic fibrosis
and Duchenne muscular dystrophy resulting from a nonsense
mutation. The FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs
intended to treat a rare disease or condition that
affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or
more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which
there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing
and making available in the United States a drug for this type
of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the
United States for that drug. Orphan drug designation must be
requested before submitting an application for marketing
approval. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage
in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and
approval process. Orphan drug designation can provide
opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs,
tax advantages and FDA user-fee benefits. In addition, if a
product which has an orphan drug designation subsequently
receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it
has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug
exclusivity, which means the FDA may not approve any other
application to market the same drug for the same indication for
a period of seven years, except in limited circumstances, such
as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan
exclusivity. Competitors may receive approval of different drugs
or biologics for the indications for which the orphan product
has exclusivity.
We have obtained fast track designation from the FDA for our
product candidate PTC124 for the treatment of cystic fibrosis
and Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by nonsense mutations.
The FDAs fast track programs, one of which is fast track
designation, are designed to facilitate the development and
review of new drugs that are intended to treat serious or life
threatening conditions and that demonstrate the potential to
address unmet medical needs for the conditions. Fast track
designation applies to a combination of the product and the
specific indication for which it is being studied. Thus, it is
the development program for a specific drug for a specific
indication that receives fast track designation. The sponsor of
a product designated as being in a fast track drug development
program may engage in close early communication with the FDA
including through timely meetings and feedback on clinical
trials. Products in fast track drug development programs also
may receive priority review or accelerated approval and sponsors
may be able to submit portions of an application before the
complete application is submitted. The FDA may notify a sponsor
that its program is no longer classified as a fast track
development program if the fast track designation is no longer
supported by emerging data or the designated drug development
program is no longer being pursued.
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Regulation Outside the United States |
In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be
subject to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions
governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution
of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a
product, we must obtain approval of a product by the comparable
regulatory authorities of countries outside the United States
before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the
product in those countries. The approval process varies from
country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than
that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the
conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and
reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.
We have obtained an orphan medicinal product designation from
the Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products of the EMEA for our
product candidate PTC124 for the treatment of cystic fibrosis
and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The EMEA grants orphan drug
designation to promote the development of products that
69
may offer therapeutic benefits for life-threatening or
chronically debilitating conditions affecting not more than five
in 10,000 people in the European Union. In addition, orphan drug
designation can be granted if the drug is intended for a life
threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic
condition in the European Union and that without incentives it
is unlikely that sales of the drug in the European Union would
be sufficient to justify developing the drug. Orphan drug
designation is only available if there is no other satisfactory
method approved in the European Union of diagnosing, preventing
or treating the condition, or if such a method exists, the
proposed orphan drug will be of significant benefit to patients.
Orphan drug designation provides opportunities for free protocol
assistance, fee reductions for access to the centralized
regulatory procedures before and during the first year after
marketing authorization and 10 years of market exclusivity
following drug approval. Fee reductions are not limited to the
first year after authorization for small and medium enterprises.
The exclusivity period may be reduced to six years if the
designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is
shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify
maintenance of market exclusivity.
To obtain regulatory approval of a drug under European Union
regulatory systems, we may submit marketing authorizations
either under a centralized or decentralized procedure. The
centralized procedure, which is compulsory for medicines
produced by certain biotechnological processes and optional for
those which are highly innovative, provides for the grant of a
single marketing authorization that is valid for all European
Union member states. All marketing authorizations for products
designated as orphan drugs must be granted in accordance with
the centralized procedure. The decentralized procedure provides
for approval by one or more other, or concerned, member states
of an assessment of an application performed by one member
state, known as the reference member state. Under this
procedure, an applicant submits an application, or dossier, and
related materials including a draft summary of product
characteristics, and draft labeling and package leaflet, to the
reference member state and concerned member states. The
reference member state prepares a draft assessment and drafts of
the related materials within 120 days after receipt of a
valid application. Within 90 days of receiving the
reference member states assessment report, each concerned
member state must decide whether to approve the assessment
report and related materials. If a member state cannot approve
the assessment report and related materials on the grounds of
potential serious risk to the public health, the disputed points
may eventually be referred to the European Commission, whose
decision is binding on all member states.
Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement
In the United States and markets in other countries, sales of
any products for which we receive regulatory approval for
commercial sale will depend in part on the availability of
reimbursement from third-party payors. Third-party payors
include government health administrative authorities, managed
care providers, private health insurers and other organizations.
These third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price
and examining the cost-effectiveness of medical products and
services. In addition, significant uncertainty exists as to the
reimbursement status of newly approved healthcare product
candidates. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic
studies in order to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of our
products. Our product candidates may not be considered
cost-effective. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be
available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to
realize an appropriate return on our investment in product
development.
In 2003, the United States government enacted legislation
providing a partial prescription drug benefit for Medicare
recipients, beginning in 2006. Government payment for some of
the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for any
products for which we receive marketing approval. However, to
obtain payments under this program, we would be required to sell
products to Medicare recipients through drug procurement
organizations operating pursuant to this legislation. These
organizations would negotiate prices for our products, which are
likely to be lower than we might otherwise obtain. Federal,
state and local governments in the United States continue to
consider legislation to limit the growth of healthcare costs,
including the cost of prescription drugs. Future legislation
could limit payments for pharmaceuticals such as the drug
candidates that we are developing.
The marketability of any products for which we receive
regulatory approval for commercial sale may suffer if the
government and third-party payors fail to provide adequate
coverage and reimbursement. In
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addition, an increasing emphasis on managed care in the United
States has increased and will continue to increase the pressure
on pharmaceutical pricing.
Scientific Advisory Board
Our scientific advisory board consists of scientific and
clinical advisors who are leading experts in the fields of
post-transcriptional regulation and chemistry, preclinical
studies, drug manufacturing or clinical trials. Our scientific
advisory board consults with us regularly on matters relating to:
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our research and development programs; |
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the design and implementation of our clinical trials; |
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market opportunities from a clinical perspective; |
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new technologies relevant to our research and development
programs; and |
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scientific and technical issues relevant to our business. |
Our current scientific advisory board members are:
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Professional Affiliation |
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Allan Jacobson, Ph.D.
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Chairman of the Department of Molecular Genetics and
Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School |
Eric N. Jacobsen, Ph.D.
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Professor, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University |
Paul A. Marks, M.D.
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President Emeritus and Head, Developmental Cell Biology
Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center |
Joseph Puglisi, Ph.D.
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Professor and Chair, Department of Structural Biology and
Director of the Stanford Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Stanford
University School of Medicine |
Robert Schneider, Ph.D.
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Professor, Department of Microbiology, Program in Microbiology,
Cellular and Molecular Biology, Molecular Oncology and
Immunology, and co-director of translational cancer research and
breast cancer research programs, New York University School of
Medicine |
H. Lee Sweeney, Ph.D.
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Professor and Chairman of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine |
Marvin Wickens, Ph.D.
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Professor of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison;
former President of the RNA Society |
Employees
As of March 15, 2006, we had 91 full-time employees,
including a total of 42 employees with M.D. or Ph.D.
degrees. Of our workforce, 62 employees are engaged in
research and development. None of our employees is represented
by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements.
We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.
Properties
Our principal facilities consist of approximately
42,000 square feet of research and office space located at
100 and 200 Corporate Court, Middlesex Business Center,
South Plainfield, New Jersey that we occupy under a lease that
expires in 2009. We have an option to renew this lease for an
additional five years.
Legal Proceedings
We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.
71
MANAGEMENT
Our executive officers and directors and their respective ages
and positions as of March 15, 2006 are as follows:
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Age | |
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Position |
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Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D.
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President and Chief Executive Officer and Director |
William D. Ju, M.D.
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Chief Operating Officer |
Langdon Miller, M.D.
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Chief Medical Officer |
William Baird, III
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Chief Financial Officer |
John Babiak, Ph.D.
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Senior Vice President, Drug Discovery Technologies |
Mark E. Boulding
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Senior Vice President and General Counsel |
Michael Schmertzler(2)(3)
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Chairman of the Board of Directors |
Harvey Berger, M.D.(2)
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55 |
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Director |
Axel Bolte(2)
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34 |
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Director |
Søren Carlsen, Ph.D.
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53 |
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Director |
Carl Goldfischer, M.D.(1)(3)
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47 |
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Director |
Allan Jacobson, Ph.D.
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60 |
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Director |
Michael Kranda(1)
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52 |
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Director |
David P. Southwell(1)(3)
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45 |
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Director |
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Member of the Audit Committee. |
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(2) |
Member of the Compensation Committee. |
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Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. |
Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D. is a co-founder of our company and
has been our President and Chief Executive Officer and a member
of our board of directors since our inception in 1998. Prior to
founding PTC, Dr. Peltz was a Professor in the Department
of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology at the University
of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Dr. Peltz has
published over 80 publications in the area of
post-transcriptional control processes. Dr. Peltz received
his Ph.D. from the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research at the
University of Wisconsin.
William D. Ju, M.D. has been our Chief Operating
Officer since October 2003. From July 2001 to September 2003,
Dr. Ju was the Vice President, Research and Development and
Project Leadership Oncology of Pharmacia Corporation, a
pharmaceutical company. From May 1994 to June 2001, Dr. Ju
held executive positions at Merck Research Laboratories in
clinical pharmacology, clinical research, regulatory affairs and
project planning in numerous therapeutic areas. From May 1992 to
April 1994, Dr. Ju was a clinical leader developing new
chemical entities and supporting marketed compounds at
Hoffmann-La Roche. From July 1988 to April 1992,
Dr. Ju was a senior staff fellow in basic oncology research
at the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Ju received his M.D.
degree from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,
where he completed his residency and chief residency training.
Langdon Miller, M.D. has been our Chief Medical
Officer since July 2003. From 1995 until July 2003,
Dr. Miller served in various positions in oncology clinical
development, including as Vice President of Global Clinical
Research, Oncology, at Pharmacia Corporation. From 1989 to 1995,
Dr. Miller served as a Senior Investigator at the National
Cancer Institute. Dr. Miller received his M.D. degree from
Northwestern University Medical School. He completed an internal
medicine residency at the University of Minnesota and a medical
oncology fellowship at Stanford University.
William Baird, III has been our Chief Financial
Officer since April 2005. From February 2004 until April 2005,
Mr. Baird was our Vice President of Finance and Strategic
Planning. From January 2002 until February
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2004, Mr. Baird was our Senior Director of Finance and
Strategic Planning. From August 1999 to January 2002,
Mr. Baird worked at L.E.K. Consulting, a strategy
consulting firm, most recently as an engagement manager.
Mr. Baird received an M.B.A. in finance from The Wharton
Business School and a B.S. from Georgetown University.
John Babiak, Ph.D. has been our Senior Vice
President of Drug Discovery Technologies since September 2001.
From March 1999 to September 2001, Dr. Babiak was Vice
President of Technology at Pharmacopeia, a biopharmaceutical
company. From January 1993 to March 1999, Dr. Babiak was
Director of Robotics and High Throughput Screening at
Wyeth-Ayerst Research, the pharmaceutical research unit of
American Home Products Corporation, a pharmaceutical and health
care products company. Dr. Babiak received his S.B. in
physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his
Ph.D. in biophysics from the University of California at
Berkeley.
Mark E. Boulding has been our Senior Vice President and
General Counsel and Secretary since April 2002. From May 2000 to
April 2002, Mr. Boulding was the General Counsel, Executive
Vice President and Secretary of MedicaLogic/ Medscape, Inc., a
provider of digital health records software and healthcare
information. From June 1999 to May 2000, Mr. Boulding was
the General Counsel, Vice President and Secretary of Medscape,
Inc., a provider of online health information and education.
Prior to joining Medscape, Mr. Boulding was a partner in
two Washington, D.C.-based law firms. Mr. Boulding
received his J.D. from the University of Michigan and his B.A.
from Yale College.
Michael Schmertzler has served as a member of our board
of directors since August 2001 and as our Chairman of the Board
since November 2004. Since 2001, Mr. Schmertzler has been a
Managing Director of Aries Advisors, LLC, the sub-advisor to
Credit Suisse First Boston Equity Partners, L.P., a private
equity fund, and the Chair of the investment committee. From
1997 to 2001, Mr. Schmertzler was Co-Head of United States
and Canadian Private Equity at Credit Suisse First Boston, an
investment banking company. Prior to 1997, Mr. Schmertzler
held various management positions with Morgan Stanley and its
affiliates, including President of Morgan Stanley Leveraged
Capital Funds, and was Managing Director and Chief Financial
Officer of Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, an investment banking
firm. Mr. Schmertzler is also a director of Cytokinetics,
Incorporated and, since 1978, has been an Adjunct Professor at
Yale University. Mr. Schmertzler received a B.A. from Yale
College in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, History and
City Planning and an M.B.A. from the Harvard Business School.
Harvey Berger, M.D. has served as a member of our
board of directors since September 2000. Dr. Berger is the
principal founder and a director of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
a biotechnology company. He has served as ARIADs Chairman
of the Board and Chief Executive Officer since April 1991, and
served as ARIADs President from April 1991 to September
2003 and from December 2004 to present. From 1986 to 1991,
Dr. Berger held a series of senior management positions at
Centocor, Inc., a biotechnology company, including Executive
Vice President and President, Research and Development Division.
He also has held senior academic and administrative appointments
at Emory University, Yale University and the University of
Pennsylvania and was an Established Investigator of the American
Heart Association, Inc. Dr. Berger received his A.B. degree
in Biology from Colgate University and his M.D. degree from Yale
University School of Medicine and did further medical and
research training at the Massachusetts General Hospital and
Yale-New Haven Hospital.
Axel Bolte has served as a member of our board of
directors since December 2003. Since March 2003, Mr. Bolte
has served as investment advisor at HBM Partners AG, a provider
of investment advisory services in the life sciences industry.
From March 2001 to February 2003, Mr. Bolte was an
investment manager of NMT New Medical Technologies AG, a Swiss
venture capital company focused on life sciences. Prior to
joining NMT New Medical Technologies AG, Mr. Bolte served
as a scientist at Serono SA, a biotechnology company. He
currently serves on the board of directors of Newron
Pharmaceuticals, SpA and Nabriva Therapeutics Forschungs GmbH,
two privately held biotechnology companies. Mr. Bolte
received his M.B.A from the University of St. Gallen,
Switzerland and his degree in biochemistry at the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Søren Carlsen, Ph.D. has served as a member of
our board of directors since August 2001. Dr. Carlsen has
been managing partner of Novo Ventures, the venture capital
division of Novo A/ S, an investment company in the life
sciences industry, since May 2000. From August 1979 until May
2000, Dr. Carlsen served in various positions with Novo
Nordisk A/ S, a pharmaceutical products company, including as
Corporate Vice President and Chief Science Officer since 1994.
Dr. Carlsen currently serves on the board of directors of
various private biotechnology companies and is the chairman of
the Association of Biotechnology Industries in Denmark.
Dr. Carlsen received his M.Sc. in Biochemistry from the
Technical University of Denmark. Dr. Carlsen has informed
us that he intends to resign from our board immediately prior to
the closing of this offering.
Carl Goldfischer, M.D. has served as a member of our
board of directors since March 2002. Since July 2001,
Dr. Goldfischer has been a Managing Director of Bay City
Capital LLC, a merchant bank and management advisory firm which
invests in life sciences companies, and serves on Bay City
Capitals board of directors and executive committee.
Dr. Goldfischer joined Bay City Capital as an
Executive-in-Residence
in January 2001. From May 1996 to July 2000 Dr. Goldfischer
was the Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer of
ImClone Systems Incorporated, a biopharmaceutical company.
Dr. Goldfischer is also a director of Diametrics Medical,
Inc. and NeoRx Corporation and a member of the board of trustees
of Sarah Lawrence College. Dr. Goldfischer received his
M.D. degree from Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1988,
and served as a resident in radiation oncology at Montefiore
Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine until 1991.
Allan Jacobson, Ph.D. is a co-founder of our company
and has served as a member of our board of directors since our
inception in 1998. Dr. Jacobson has been the Chairman of
the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at the
University of Massachusetts Medical School since 1994. In 1992,
Dr Jacobson co-founded Applied bioTechnology, Inc., a
biotechnology company, and served as its chairman until its sale
in 1991. From 1987 to 1990, Dr. Jacobson served as special
limited partner at Euclid Partners, a venture capital firm.
Dr. Jacobson received his Ph.D. from Brandeis University in
1971. Dr. Jacobson has informed us that he intends to
resign from our board immediately prior to the closing of this
offering. Dr. Jacobson will continue to serve on our
scientific advisory board following this offering.
Michael Kranda has been a member of our board of
directors since December 2003. Since September 2003,
Mr. Kranda has been director of biotechnology venture
investments at Vulcan Capital, the private investment group of
Vulcan Inc. From July 1996 to July 2002, Mr. Kranda served
as chief executive officer at Oxford GlycoSciences, a
biotechnology company. Prior to joining Oxford GlycoSciences,
Mr. Kranda was President and Chief Operating Officer at
Immunex Corporation (now Amgen), a biopharmaceutical company.
Mr. Kranda also serves on the board of Cumbre
Pharmaceuticals, BiPar Sciences, Nura, Inc., Raven
Biotechnologies and the Washington State Biotechnology Business
Association. Mr. Kranda received his B.A. and M.B.A from
the University of Washington School of Business.
David P. Southwell has been a member of our board of
directors since December 2005. Since October 1995,
Mr. Southwell has been the Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer of Sepracor Inc., a pharmaceutical
company. From July 1994 until October 1995 Mr. Southwell
served as Sepracors Senior Vice President and Chief
Financial Officer. From August 1988 until July 1994,
Mr. Southwell was associated with Lehman Brothers Inc., a
securities firm, in various positions with the investment
banking division, most recently in the position of Vice
President. Mr. Southwell is a director of BioSphere
Medical, Inc.
Board Composition and Election of Directors
Our board of directors is currently authorized to have, and we
currently have, nine members. In accordance with the terms of
our certificate of incorporation and bylaws that will become
effective upon the closing of this offering, our board of
directors will be divided into three classes, class I,
class II and class III, with each class serving
staggered three-year terms. Upon the closing of this offering,
the members of the classes will be divided as follows:
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the class I directors will be Mr. Bolte, Dr. Goldfischer
and Mr. Kranda, and their term will expire at the annual meeting
of stockholders to be held in 2007; |
74
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the class II directors will be Dr. Berger and Mr.
Schmertzler, and their term will expire at the annual meeting of
stockholders to be held in 2008; and |
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the class III directors will be Dr. Peltz and Mr.
Southwell, and their term will expire at the annual meeting of
stockholders to be held in 2009. |
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Our directors may be removed only for cause by the affirmative
vote of the holders of 75% or more of our voting stock. Upon the
expiration of the term of a class of directors, directors in
that class will be eligible to be elected for a new three-year
term at the annual meeting of stockholders in the year in which
their term expires.
Board Committees
Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a
compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance
committee. The composition of each committee will be effective
upon the closing of this offering.
The members of our audit committee are Mr. Southwell, Dr.
Goldfischer and Mr. Kranda. Our audit committee assists our
board of directors in its oversight of the integrity of our
financial statements, our independent registered public
accounting firms qualifications and independence and the
performance of our independent registered public accounting firm.
Upon the closing of this offering, our audit committees
responsibilities will include:
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appointing, approving the compensation of, and assessing the
independence of our independent registered public accounting
firm; |
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overseeing the work of our independent registered public
accounting firm, including through the receipt and consideration
of certain reports from our independent registered public
accounting firm; |
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reviewing and discussing with management and the independent
registered public accounting firm our annual and quarterly
financial statements and related disclosures; |
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monitoring our internal control over financial reporting,
disclosure controls and procedures and code of business conduct
and ethics; |
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establishing policies regarding hiring employees from our
independent registered public accounting firm and procedures for
the receipt and retention of accounting related complaints and
concerns; |
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meeting independently with our independent registered public
accounting firm and management; and |
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preparing the audit committee report required by Securities and
Exchange Commission rules. |
All audit and non-audit services to be provided to us by our
independent registered public accounting firm must be approved
in advance by our audit committee.
Mr. Southwell is our audit committee financial expert and
Dr. Goldfischer is the chair of the committee. We believe
that the composition of our audit committee meets the
requirements for independence under the current Nasdaq National
Market and Securities and Exchange Commission rules and
regulations.
Dr. Berger, Mr. Bolte and Mr. Schmertzler are the members of our
compensation committee. Dr. Berger is the chair of the
committee. Our compensation committee assists our board of
directors in the discharge of its responsibilities relating to
the compensation of our executive officers.
75
Our compensation committees responsibilities include:
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reviewing and approving, or making recommendations to our board
of directors with respect to, the compensation of our chief
executive officer; |
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overseeing the evaluation of performance of our senior
executives; |
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overseeing and administering, and making recommendations to our
board of directors with respect to, our cash and equity
incentive plans; and |
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reviewing and making recommendations to the board of directors
with respect to director compensation. |
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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee |
Mr. Southwell, Dr. Goldfischer and Mr. Schmertzler are the
members of our nominating and corporate governance committee.
Mr. Southwell is the chair of the committee.
Our nominating and corporate governance committees
responsibilities include:
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recommending to our board of directors the persons to be
nominated for election as directors and to each of the board of
directors committees; |
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overseeing an annual evaluation of management succession
planning; |
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developing and recommending to our board of directors corporate
governance principles; and |
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overseeing a periodic self-evaluation of our board of directors. |
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider
Participation
None of our executive officers serves as a member of the board
of directors or compensation committee, or other committee
serving an equivalent function, of any entity that has one or
more of its executive officers serving as a member of our board
of directors or our compensation committee. None of the members
of our compensation committee has ever been our employee.
Director Compensation
In March 2005, our board of directors approved a compensation
program pursuant to which we will pay each of our non-employee
directors an annual retainer of 5,500 stock options for service
as a director. In addition, under this program, each independent
director, upon appointment to the Board of Directors, will
receive a one time grant of 15,000 stock options. We will
reimburse each non-employee member of our board of directors for
out-of-pocket expenses
incurred in connection with attending our board and committee
meetings.
Executive Compensation
The following summary compensation table sets forth the total
compensation paid or accrued for the year ended
December 31, 2005 to our chief executive officer and our
four other most highly compensated executive officers who were
serving as executive officers on December 31, 2005 and
whose total annual compensation
76
exceeded $100,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005. We
refer to these officers as our named executive
officers.
Summary Compensation Table
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Long-Term | |
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Compensation | |
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Annual Compensation | |
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Shares | |
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Underlying | |
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All Other | |
Name and Principal Position |
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Year | |
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Salary | |
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Bonus | |
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Options (#) | |
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Compensation | |
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Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D.
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2005 |
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$ |
346,500 |
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$ |
83,716 |
(1) |
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711,720 |
(2) |
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President, Chief Executive Officer |
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and Director |
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William D. Ju, M.D.
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2005 |
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$ |
277,160 |
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$ |
50,107 |
(3) |
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84,814 |
(4) |
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Chief Operating Officer |
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Langdon Miller, M.D.
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2005 |
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$ |
331,800 |
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$ |
80,327 |
(5) |
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131,040 |
(6) |
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$ |
50,890 |
(7) |
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Chief Medical Officer |
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John Babiak, Ph.D.
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2005 |
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$ |
240,240 |
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$ |
43,304 |
(8) |
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95,090 |
(9) |
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Senior Vice President, Drug Discovery Technologies |
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Mark E. Boulding
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2005 |
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$ |
250,120 |
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$ |
45,084 |
(10) |
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97,290 |
(11) |
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Senior Vice President and |
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General Counsel |
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(1) |
Includes $42,099 that was paid in March 2006 as part of
Dr. Peltzs 2005 bonus. |
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(2) |
Includes options to purchase 16,410 shares of common
stock granted in March 2006 as part of Dr. Peltzs
2005 bonus. |
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(3) |
Includes $24,944 that was paid in March 2006 as part of
Dr. Jus 2005 bonus. |
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(4) |
Includes options to purchase 12,150 shares of common
stock granted in March 2006 as part of Dr. Jus 2005
bonus. |
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(5) |
Includes $40,313 that was paid in March 2006 as part of
Dr. Millers 2005 bonus. |
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(6) |
Includes options to purchase 16,410 shares of common
stock granted in March 2006 as part of Dr. Millers
2005 bonus. |
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(7) |
Represents the principal amount of and applicable interest on a
loan made by us to Dr. Miller which was forgiven in 2005. |
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(8) |
Includes $21,621 that was paid in March 2006 as part of
Dr. Babiaks 2005 bonus. |
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(9) |
Includes options to purchase 12,150 shares of common
stock granted in March 2006 as part of Dr. Babiaks
2005 bonus. |
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(10) |
Includes $22,510 that was paid in March 2006 as part of
Mr. Bouldings 2005 bonus. |
(11) |
Includes options to purchase 12,150 shares of common
stock granted in March 2006 as part of Mr. Bouldings
2005 bonus. |
77
Stock Option Grants
The following table contains information regarding grants of
stock options to purchase shares of our common stock to our
named executive officers during the year ended December 31,
2005.
Amounts in the following table represent potential realizable
gains that could be achieved for the options if exercised at the
end of the option term. The 5% and 10% assumed annual rates of
compounded stock price appreciation are calculated based on the
requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and do
not represent an estimate or projection of our future common
stock prices. These amounts represent certain assumed rates of
appreciation in the value of our common stock from the fair
market value on the date of grant. Actual gains, if any, on
stock option exercises depend on the future performance of the
common stock and overall stock market conditions. The amounts
reflected in the following table may not necessarily be achieved.
Option Grants in Last Fiscal Year
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Potential Realizable | |
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Value | |
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of Assumed | |
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Percentage | |
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Annual Rates of | |
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Number of | |
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of Total | |
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Stock Price | |
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Securities | |
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Options | |
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Exercise | |
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Appreciation | |
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Underlying | |
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Granted to | |
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Price | |
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for Option Term(1) | |
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Options | |
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Employees in | |
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Per | |
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Expiration | |
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Name |
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Granted (#) | |
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Fiscal Year | |
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Share | |
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Date | |
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5% ($) | |
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10% ($) | |
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Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D.
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17,320 |
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1 |
% |
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$ |
1.89 |
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5/24/2015 |
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677,990 |
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32 |
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1.89 |
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11/5/2014 |
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William D. Ju, M.D.
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12,830 |
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1 |
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1.89 |
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5/24/2015 |
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4 |
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* |
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1.89 |
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6/14/2014 |
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59,830 |
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3 |
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1.89 |
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11/5/2014 |
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Langdon Miller, M.D.
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17,320 |
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1 |
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1.89 |
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5/24/2015 |
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97,310 |
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5 |
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1.89 |
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11/5/2014 |
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John Babiak, Ph.D.
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12,830 |
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1 |
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1.89 |
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5/24/2015 |
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70,110 |
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3 |
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1.89 |
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11/5/2014 |
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Mark E. Boulding
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12,830 |
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1 |
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1.89 |
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5/24/2015 |
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72,310 |
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3 |
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1.89 |
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11/5/2014 |
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* |
Less than one percent. |
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(1) |
The dollar amounts under these columns are the result of
calculations at rates set by the Securities and Exchange
Commission and, therefore, are not intended to forecast possible
future appreciation, if any, in the price of the underlying
common stock. The potential realizable values are calculated
using the assumed initial public offering price of
$ per
share and assuming that the market price appreciates from this
price at the indicated rate for the entire term of each option
and that each option is exercised and sold on the last day of
its term at the assumed appreciated price. |
78
Option Exercises and Year-End Option Values
The following table provides information about the number of
shares issued upon option exercises by our named executive
officers during the year ended December 31, 2005, and the
value realized by our named executive officers. The table also
provides information about the number and value of shares
underlying options held by our named executive officers at
December 31, 2005. There was no public trading market for
our common stock as of December 31, 2005. Accordingly, as
permitted by the rules of the Securities and Exchange
Commission, we have calculated the value of unexercised
in-the-money options at
fiscal year-end assuming that the fair market value of our
common stock as of December 31, 2005 was equal to the
assumed initial public offering price of
$ per
share, less the aggregate exercise price.
Aggregated Option Exercises in Last Fiscal Year and
Fiscal Year-End Option Values
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Number of Securities | |
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Underlying | |
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Value of Unexercised | |
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Unexercised Options at | |
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In-the-Money Options at | |
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Shares | |
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December 31, 2005 | |
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December 31, 2005 | |
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Acquired on | |
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Value | |
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Name |
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Exercise (#) | |
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Realized | |
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Exercisable | |
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Unexercisable | |
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Exercisable | |
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Unexercisable | |
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Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D.
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592,756 |
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102,571 |
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William D. Ju, M.D.
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34,338 |
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38,327 |
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Langdon Miller, M.D.
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55,773 |
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58,862 |
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John Babiak, Ph.D.
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47,122 |
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35,822 |
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Mark E. Boulding
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48,661 |
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36,483 |
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Employment Agreements
Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D. Pursuant to an
employment agreement effective August 1, 2002, we employ
Dr. Peltz as our president and chief executive officer.
Under this agreement, Dr. Peltz is entitled to an annual
base salary of at least $280,000. Adjustments to his base salary
are in the discretion of our board of directors. We have agreed
not to reduce his base salary below $280,000 unless the
reduction is in connection with a general reduction in
compensation of our senior executives. The agreement provides
that Dr. Peltz is eligible to participate in any executive
bonus plans established by the board from time to time.
The agreement will continue for successive one-year terms until
either Dr. Peltz or we provide written notice of
termination to the other in accordance with the terms of the
agreement. Upon the termination of his employment by us other
than for cause, or by him for good reason, including a change in
our control where the successor company does not assume our
obligations to him, Dr. Peltz has the right to receive a
severance payment in an amount equal to 18 times his
monthly base salary then in effect, payable in accordance with
our regular payroll schedule. In addition, Dr. Peltz is
entitled to the continuation of benefits for a comparable period
as a result of any such termination. Dr. Peltz is not
entitled to severance payments if we terminate him for cause or
if he resigns without good reason. Dr. Peltz is bound by
non-disclosure, inventions and non-competition covenants that
prohibit him from competing with us during the term of his
employment and for one year after termination of employment.
Other Named Executive Officers. We entered into an
employment agreement with Langdon Miller, M.D. in December
2004, under which he is employed as our chief medical officer.
Under this agreement, Dr. Miller is entitled to an annual
base salary of at least $331,800. In addition, we agreed to
provide Dr. Miller with a loan of $50,000 per year
during a three-year period beginning on his start date, with the
remaining loan, funded on the first and second anniversaries of
his start date. We agreed to forgive each loan on the
anniversary of the date on which it was made as long as
Dr. Miller remained an employee on that date.
Under our employment agreement with William D. Ju, M.D., he is
employed as our chief operating officer, at an annual base
salary of at least $277,160. Under our employment agreement with
John Babiak, Ph.D., he is employed as our senior vice
president, discovery technologies, at an annual base salary of
79
at least $240,240. Under our employment agreement with Mark E.
Boulding, he is employed as our senior vice president and
general counsel, at an annual base salary of at least $250,120.
Our executive employment agreements with Drs. Ju, Miller
and Babiak and Mr. Boulding each provide that any increase
to the executives base salary is in the sole discretion of
the compensation committee of our board of directors. In
addition to their base salary, we have agreed to pay each
executive a discretionary bonus annually if, in the judgment of
the compensation committee, the qualifying criteria established
by the committee for payment of a bonus have been met. Pursuant
to the agreements, each executive is entitled also to such other
benefits as we generally provide our senior executives. In
addition, one half of any outstanding unvested stock options
granted to each executive will vest immediately upon a change in
our control or other specified corporate change, and the
remainder will vest proportionately according to their terms.
Each executive employment agreement has an initial term that
expires December 15, 2007, and will continue thereafter for
successive one-year periods until we provide the executive with
written notice in accordance with its terms. Should we or our
successor terminate an executives employment other than
for good cause within two years following certain corporate
changes, the executive has the right to receive a lump-sum
severance payment in an amount equal to 12 times his monthly
base salary in effect as of the date of the corporate change or
as of the date of termination, whichever is greater, and any
outstanding unvested stock options held by him will vest. Any
reduction in an executives base salary or significant
reduction in his duties following such a corporate change
entitles the executive to immediate vesting of outstanding stock
options and severance payment. Each executive is not otherwise
entitled to accelerated vesting or severance payment under the
agreements in cases where no such corporate change occurs, where
we terminate his employment for good cause or where he resigns.
Each executive is bound by non-disclosure, inventions,
non-solicitation and non-competition covenants that prohibit him
from competing with us during the term of his employment and for
12 months after termination of employment.
Stock Option and Other Compensation Plans
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1998 Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Option
Plan |
Our 1998 employee, director and consultant stock option plan, as
amended and restated from time to time, was adopted by our board
of directors and approved by our stockholders. The plan provides
for the grant of incentive stock options and non-statutory stock
options. A maximum of 2,426,008 shares of common stock are
authorized for issuance under our 1998 stock option plan.
In accordance with the terms of the 1998 stock option plan, our
board of directors has authorized our compensation committee to
administer the plan.
Under our 1998 stock option plan, if a merger or other
reorganization event occurs, our board of directors, in its
discretion, shall either:
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provide that the outstanding options under the 1998 stock option
plan be assumed or substituted by the successor corporation; |
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upon written notice to optionees, provide that all unexercised
options will terminate, unless exercised, immediately prior to
the consummation of such transaction; or |
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provide that all or any of our outstanding options will
terminate in exchange for a cash payment equal to their value. |
As of March 15, 2006, there were options to
purchase 2,340,715 shares of common stock outstanding
under the 1998 stock option plan and options to
purchase 11,828 shares of common stock had been
exercised. After the effective date of the 2006 equity plan
described below, we will grant no further stock options under
the 1998 stock option plan.
80
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|
2006 Equity and Long Term Incentive Plan |
Our 2006 equity plan was adopted by our board of directors
on ,
2006 and approved by our stockholders
on ,
2006. The 2006 equity plan will become effective on the date
that the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a
part is declared effective. The 2006 equity plan provides for
the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock
options, restricted stock awards and other stock unit awards.
Upon
effectiveness, shares
of common stock will be reserved for issuance under the 2006
equity plan.
Our employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors are
eligible to receive awards under our 2006 equity plan. Incentive
stock options may only be granted to our employees. The maximum
number of shares of common stock with respect to which awards
may be granted to any participant under the plan
is per
calendar year.
In accordance with the terms of the 2006 equity plan, our board
of directors has authorized our compensation committee to
administer the plan. Our compensation committee selects the
recipients of awards and determines:
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the number of shares of common stock covered by options and the
dates upon which the options become exercisable; |
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the exercise price of options; provided, however, that the
exercise price shall not be less than 100% of fair market value
of the stock on the date of grant; |
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the duration of options, provided that no option shall have a
term in excess of 10 years; |
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the method of payment of the exercise price; and |
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the number of shares of common stock subject to any restricted
stock or other stock-based awards and the terms and conditions
of such awards, including conditions for repurchase, issue price
and repurchase price. |
If our board of directors delegates authority to an executive
officer, the executive officer has the power to make awards to
all of our employees, except to executive officers. Our board of
directors will fix the terms of the awards to be granted by such
executive officer, including the exercise price of such awards,
and the maximum number of shares subject to awards that such
executive officer may make.
If a merger or other reorganization event occurs, our board of
directors shall provide that all of our outstanding options are
to be assumed or substituted by the successor corporation. If
the merger or reorganization event also constitutes a change in
control event as defined under our 2006 equity plan, the assumed
or substituted options will become immediately exercisable in
full if on or prior to the
18-month anniversary of
the reorganization event an option holders employment with
us or our succeeding corporation is terminated by the option
holder for good reason or is terminated by us or the succeeding
corporation without cause, each as defined in our 2006 equity
plan. In the event the succeeding corporation does not agree to
assume, or substitute for, outstanding options, then our board
of directors shall provide that all unexercised options will
become exercisable in full prior to the completion of the event
and that these options will terminate immediately prior to the
completion of the merger or other reorganization event if not
previously exercised. Our board of directors may also provide
for a cash out of the value of any outstanding options. In
addition, upon the occurrence of a change in control event that
does not also constitute a reorganization event under our 2006
equity plan, each option will continue to vest according to its
original vesting schedule, except that an option will become
immediately exercisable in full if on or prior to the
18-month anniversary of
the reorganization event an option holders employment with
us or our succeeding corporation is terminated by the option
holder for good reason or is terminated by us or our succeeding
corporation without cause.
No award may be granted under the 2006 equity plan
after ,
2016, but the vesting and effectiveness of awards granted before
that date may extend beyond that date. Our board of directors
may amend, suspend or terminate the 2006 equity plan at any
time, except that stockholder approval will be required for any
revision that would materially increase the number of shares
reserved for issuance, expand the
81
types of awards available under the plan, materially modify plan
eligibility requirements, extend the term of the plan or
materially modify the method of determining the exercise price
of options granted under the plan, or otherwise as required to
comply with applicable law or stock market requirements.
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2006 Employee Stock Purchase Plan |
On ,
2006, our board of directors approved our 2006 employee stock
purchase plan. The 2006 employee stock purchase plan, which was
approved by stockholders
in 2006,
became effective
on .
The plan provides for the issuance of up
to shares
of our common stock to participating employees.
All of our employees, including directors who are employees, and
all employees of any participating subsidiaries:
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whose customary employment is more than 20 hours per week
for more than five months in a calendar year; |
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who were employed by us for at least 90 days prior to
enrolling, other than in connection with the initial plan
period; and |
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who are employed on the first day of a designated payroll
deduction offering period |
are eligible to participate in the 2006 employee stock purchase
plan.
Employees who would immediately after the grant of an option
under the 2006 employee stock purchase plan own 5% or more of
the total combined voting power or value of our stock or the
stock of any of our subsidiaries are not eligible to participate
in the plan.
We will make one or more offerings to our employees to purchase
stock under the 2006 employee stock purchase plan. Offerings
will begin on each April 1 and October 1, except that
our first offering will begin on the date on which trading of
our common stock commences on the Nasdaq National Market in
connection with this offering. Each offering commencement date,
except the first offering, will begin a six-month period during
which payroll deductions will be made and held for the purchase
of our common stock at the end of the offering period. Our board
of directors may, in its discretion, choose a different offering
period for each subsequent offering.
On the first day of an offering period, we will grant to each
eligible employee who has elected to participate in the 2006
employee stock purchase plan an option to purchase shares of our
common stock as follows: the employee may authorize up to 10% of
his or her compensation (as defined in the plan) to be deducted
by us during the offering period. On the last day of the
offering period, the employee is deemed to have exercised the
option, at the option exercise price, to the extent of
accumulated payroll deductions. Under the terms of the 2006
employee stock purchase plan, the option exercise price is an
amount equal to 85% of the lower of the closing price of our
common stock on the first day or the last day of the offering
period. For purposes of the first offering period under the 2006
employee stock purchase plan, the closing price of our common
stock on the first day of such period is deemed to equal the
initial public offering price per share in this offering.
In no event may an employee be granted an option under the plan
which permits his rights to purchase stock under the plan (or
any other employee stock purchase plan of ours or our
subsidiaries) to accrue at a rate which exceeds $25,000 of our
common stock at fair market value for each calendar year in
which the option is outstanding at any time.
An employee who is not a participant on the last day of the
offering period is not entitled to exercise any option, and the
employees accumulated payroll deductions will be refunded.
An employees rights under the 2006 employee stock purchase
plan terminate upon voluntary withdrawal from the purchase plan
at any time, or when the employee ceases employment for any
reason, except that upon termination of employment because of
death, the balance in the employees account will be paid
to the employees beneficiary.
82
Because participation in the 2006 employee stock purchase plan
is voluntary, we cannot now determine the number of shares of
our common stock to be purchased by any particular current
executive officer, by all current executive officers as a group
or by non-executive employees as a group.
Limitation of Liability and Indemnification of Officers and
Directors
Our certificate of incorporation that will be in effect upon the
closing of this offering limits the personal liability of
directors for breach of fiduciary duty to the maximum extent
permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law. Our
certificate of incorporation provides that no director will have
personal liability to us or to our stockholders for monetary
damages for breach of fiduciary duty or other duty as a
director. However, these provisions do not eliminate or limit
the liability of any of our directors:
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for any breach of their duty of loyalty to us or our
stockholders; |
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for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve
intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; |
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for voting or assenting to unlawful payments of dividends or
other distributions; or |
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for any transaction from which the director derived an improper
personal benefit. |
Any amendment to or repeal of these provisions will not
eliminate or reduce the effect of these provisions in respect of
any act or failure to act, or any cause of action, suit or claim
that would accrue or arise prior to any amendment or repeal or
adoption of an inconsistent provision. If the Delaware General
Corporation Law is amended to provide for further limitations on
the personal liability of directors of corporations, then the
personal liability of our directors will be further limited to
the greatest extent permitted by the Delaware General
Corporation Law.
In addition, our certificate of incorporation provides that we
must indemnify our directors and officers and we must advance
expenses, including attorneys fees, to our directors and
officers in connection with legal proceedings, subject to very
limited exceptions.
83
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Since January 1, 2003, we have engaged in the following
transactions with our directors, executive officers and holders
of more than 5% of our voting securities on an as converted to
common stock basis, and affiliates of our directors, executive
officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities.
We believe that all of these transactions were on terms as
favorable as could have been obtained from unrelated third
parties.
Issuance of Series E and Series E-2 Convertible
Preferred Stock
In December 2003 and in April and June 2004, we issued an
aggregate of 125,740,607 shares of our Series E
convertible preferred stock at a price of approximately
$0.40 per share for total cash proceeds to us of
approximately $50.0 million before transaction expenses. In
September and October 2005, we issued an aggregate of
3,670,138 shares of our Series E-2 convertible
preferred stock at a price of $7.26 per share for total
cash proceeds to us of approximately $26.6 million before
transaction expenses.
The following table sets forth the number of shares of
Series E convertible preferred stock and Series E-2
convertible preferred stock sold to our 5% stockholders and
directors and their affiliates in these financings. The shares
of Series E convertible preferred stock referred to in the
table will convert automatically into an aggregate of
5,466,386 shares of our common stock upon the closing of
this offering. The shares of
Series E-2
convertible preferred stock referred to in the table will
convert automatically into an aggregate of 2,803,265 shares
of our common stock upon the closing of this offering.
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Number of Shares of | |
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Number of Shares of | |
Name |
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Series E Preferred Stock | |
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Series E-2 Preferred Stock | |
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Entities affiliated with Credit Suisse(1)
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35,699,539 |
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890,854 |
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HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd.(2)
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18,315,568 |
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824,187 |
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Vulcan Capital Venture Holdings Inc.(3)
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16,708,349 |
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330,650 |
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Entities affiliated with Delphi Ventures(4)
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13,493,914 |
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275,482 |
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Entities affiliated with Bay City Capital(5)
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10,059,249 |
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206,610 |
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Novo A/S(6)
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5,532,586 |
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275,482 |
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Total
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99,806,205 |
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2,803,265 |
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(1) |
Includes 27,879,539 shares of Series E convertible
preferred stock and 695,712 shares of
Series E-2
convertible preferred stock issued to Credit Suisse First Boston
Equity Partners, L.P.; 7,793,048 shares of Series E
convertible preferred stock and 194,469 shares of
Series E-2 convertible preferred stock issued to Credit
Suisse First Boston Equity Partners (Bermuda), L.P.; and
26,952 shares of Series E convertible preferred stock
and 673 shares of Series E-2 convertible preferred
stock issued to Credit Suisse First Boston U.S. Executive
Advisors, L.P. Mr. Schmertzler, one of our directors, is a
Managing Director of Aries Advisors, LLC, an affiliate of Credit
Suisse. |
(2) |
Mr. Bolte, one of our directors, is an employee of HBM
Partners AG. HBM Partners AG acts as an investment advisor to
HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd. HBM Partners (Cayman) Ltd.
provides investment management services to HBM BioVentures
(Cayman) Ltd. Neither HBM Partners AG nor Mr. Bolte have
voting or investment power over the shares held by HBM
BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd. |
(3) |
Mr. Kranda, one of our directors, is director of
biotechnology venture investments at Vulcan Inc. |
(4) |
Includes 13,349,165 shares of Series E convertible
preferred stock and 272,527 shares of Series E-2
convertible preferred stock issued to Delphi Ventures V,
L.P.; and 144,749 shares of Series E convertible
preferred stock and 2,955 shares of
Series E-2
convertible preferred stock issued to Delphi
BioInvestments V, L.P. |
(5) |
Includes 9,637,670 shares of Series E convertible
preferred stock and 197,952 shares of Series E-2
convertible preferred stock issued to The Bay City Capital
Fund III, L.P.; and 421,579 shares of Series E
convertible preferred stock and 8,658 shares of
Series E-2 convertible preferred stock issued to The Bay |
84
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City Capital Fund III Co-Investment Fund, L.P.
Dr. Goldfischer, one of our directors, is a Managing
Director of Bay City Capital LLC. |
(6) |
Dr. Carlsen, one of our directors, is managing partner of
Novo Ventures, an affiliate of Novo A/S. |
Certain Relationships
Pursuant to an investor rights agreement among holders of our
Series A, Series B, Series C, Series D,
Series E and
Series E-2
convertible preferred stock and us, we granted registration
rights to all such holders. Entities affiliated with Credit
Suisse, HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd., Vulcan Capital Venture
Holdings Inc., Delphi Ventures, Bay City Capital LLC, holders of
5% or more of our voting securities, and their affiliates are
each a party to this investor rights agreement. See
Description of Capital StockRegistration
Rights.
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Loan to Executive Officer |
In connection with his initial offer of employment, we extended
a series of interest-bearing loans in the aggregate principal
amount of $150,000 to Dr. Langdon Miller, our Chief Medical
Officer. As of December 31, 2005, in accordance with
Dr. Millers employment terms, we have forgiven an
aggregate of $100,000 in principal amount of these loans. We
forgave the final $50,000 loan to Dr. Miller in the first
quarter of 2006.
Please see ManagementDirector Compensation for
a discussion of options granted and other compensation to our
non-employee directors.
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Executive Compensation and Employment Agreements |
Please see ManagementExecutive Compensation
and Stock Options for additional information
on compensation of our executive officers. Information regarding
employment agreements with our executive officers is set forth
under ManagementEmployment Agreements.
85
PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth information with respect to the
beneficial ownership of our common stock, as of March 15,
2006, by:
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each of our directors; |
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each of our named executive officers; |
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each person, or group of affiliated persons, who is known by us
to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock; and |
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all of our directors and executive officers as a group. |
The column entitled Percentage of Shares Beneficially
Owned Before Offering is based on a total of
13,516,611 shares of our common stock outstanding on
March 15, 2006, assuming conversion of all outstanding
shares of our preferred stock into common stock upon the closing
of this offering. The column entitled Percentage of Shares
Beneficially Owned After Offering is based
on shares
of common stock to be outstanding after this offering, including
the shares
that we are selling in this offering, but not including any
shares issuable upon exercise of warrants or options.
For purposes of the table below, we deem shares of common stock
subject to options or warrants that are currently exercisable or
exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006 to be
outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding
the options or warrants for the purpose of computing the
percentage ownership of that person but we do not treat them as
outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage
ownership of any other person. Except as otherwise noted, the
persons or entities in this table have sole voting and investing
power with respect to all of the shares of common stock
beneficially owned by them, subject to community property laws,
where applicable. Except as otherwise set forth below, the
street address of the beneficial owner is c/o PTC
Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield,
New Jersey 07080-2449.
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Percentage of | |
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Shares | |
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Beneficially Owned | |
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| |
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Number of Shares | |
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Before | |
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After | |
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner |
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Beneficially Owned | |
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Offering | |
|
Offering | |
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5% Stockholders
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Entities affiliated with Credit Suisse(1)
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3,435,467 |
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25.2 |
% |
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Eleven Madison Avenue, 16th Floor |
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New York, NY 10010 |
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HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd.(2)
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2,017,840 |
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14.9 |
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Centennial Towers, 3rd Floor |
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2454 West Bay Road |
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Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands |
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Entities affiliated with Vulcan Capital Venture Holdings Inc.(3)
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1,904,527 |
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14.1 |
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505 Fifth Avenue South, Suite 900 |
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Seattle, WA 98104 |
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Entities affiliated with Delphi Ventures(4)
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1,169,330 |
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8.7 |
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3000 Sand Hill Road, Building 1, Suite 135, |
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Menlo Park, CA 94025 |
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Entities affiliated with the Bay City Capital Fund(5)
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995,669 |
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7.4 |
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750 Battery Street, Suite 400 |
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San Francisco, CA 94111 |
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Novo A/S(6)
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697,559 |
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5.2 |
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Krogshoejvej 41 |
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2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark |
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86
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Percentage of | |
|
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Shares | |
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|
Beneficially Owned | |
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| |
|
|
Number of Shares | |
|
Before | |
|
After | |
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner |
|
Beneficially Owned | |
|
Offering | |
|
Offering | |
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| |
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| |
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Executive Officers and Directors
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Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D.(7)
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624,445 |
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4.4 |
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William D. Ju, M.D.(8)
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47,173 |
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* |
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Langdon Miller, M.D.(9)
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75,151 |
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* |
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John Babiak, Ph.D.(10)
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59,420 |
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* |
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Mark E. Boulding(11)
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61,143 |
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* |
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Michael Schmertzler(12)
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2,751 |
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* |
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Harvey Berger, M.D.(13)
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460 |
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* |
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Axel Bolte(14)
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Søren Carlsen, Ph.D.(15)
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1 |
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* |
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Carl Goldfischer, M.D.(16)
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1 |
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* |
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Allan Jacobson, Ph.D.(17)
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156,118 |
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1.1 |
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Michael Kranda
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David P. Southwell
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1,250 |
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* |
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All directors and executive officers as a group
(14 persons)(18)
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1,073,498 |
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7.4 |
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(1) |
Consists of 2,662,259 shares held by Credit Suisse First
Boston Equity Partners, L.P.; 744,169 shares held by Credit
Suisse First Boston Equity Partners (Bermuda), L.P.;
2,573 shares held by Credit Suisse First Boston
U.S. Executive Advisors, L.P.; 24,800 shares held by
EMA Private Equity Fund 1999, L.P.; and 1,666 shares
held by Credit Suisse First Boston Finders & Screeners,
L.P. Mr. Schmertzler, a member of our board of directors,
is a Managing Director of Aries Advisors, LLC, the sub-advisor
to Credit Suisse First Boston Equity Partners, L.P., who
disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by entities
affiliated with Credit Suisse except to the extent of any
pecuniary interest therein. |
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(2) |
Consists of 2,017,840 shares held by HBM BioVentures
(Cayman) Ltd. The board of directors of HBM BioVentures (Cayman)
Ltd. has sole voting and investment power with respect to the
shares by held by such entity and acts by majority vote. The
board of directors of HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd. is comprised
of John Arnold, Colin Shaw, Richard Coles, Dr. Andreas
Wicki and John Urquhart, none of whom has individual voting or
investment power with respect to such shares and each disclaims
beneficial ownership of the shares held by HBM except to the
extent of any pecuniary interest therein. Mr. Bolte, a
member of our board of directors, is an employee of HBM Partners
AG. HBM Partners AG acts as an investment advisor to HBM
Partners (Cayman) Ltd. HBM Partners (Cayman) Ltd. provides
investment management services to HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd.
Neither HBM Partners AG nor Mr. Bolte have voting or
investment power over the shares held by HBM BioVentures
(Cayman) Ltd. |
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(3) |
Consists of 330,650 shares held by Vulcan Capital Venture
Holdings Inc. and 1,573,877 shares held by Vulcan Ventures
Inc. Mr. Kranda, a member of our board of directors, is a
Managing Director of Vulcan Inc. and is responsible for its
biotech venture investments. Vulcan Capital Venture Holdings
Inc. and Vulcan Ventures Inc. are wholly-owned by the sole
stockholder of Vulcan Inc. |
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(4) |
Consists of 1,156,787 shares held by Delphi
Ventures V, L.P. and 12,543 shares held by Delphi
BioInvestments V, L.P. |
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(5) |
Consists of 953,944 shares held by The Bay City Capital
Fund III, L.P. and 41,725 shares held by The Bay City
Capital Fund III Co-Investment Fund, L.P.
Dr. Goldfischer, a member of our board of directors, is a
Managing Director of Bay City Capital LLC, and serves on Bay
City Capitals board of managers and investment committee.
Bay City Capital LLC is the manager of the general partner of
the above mentioned funds. Dr. Goldfischer disclaims
beneficial ownership of the shares held by Bay City except to
the extent of any pecuniary interest therein. |
87
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(6) |
Novo A/S is a Danish private limited liability company fully
owned by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. Dr. Carlsen, a member
of our board of directors and is Managing Partner of Novo A/ S.
Dr. Carlsen disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares,
except to the extent of his pecuniary interest arising as a
result of his engagement with Novo A/ S. |
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(7) |
Consists of 624,417 shares issuable upon exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006
and 28 shares of common stock. |
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(8) |
Consists of 47,173 shares issuable upon exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006. |
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(9) |
Consists of 75,151 shares issuable upon exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006. |
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(10) |
Consists of 59,420 shares issuable upon exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006. |
(11) |
Consists of 61,143 shares issuable upon exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006. |
(12) |
Consists of 2,751 shares issuable upon exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006.
Mr. Schmertzler disclaims beneficial ownership of the
shares held by Credit Suisse First Boston except to the extent
of his pecuniary interest therein. See footnote 1. |
(13) |
Consists of 460 shares issuable upon exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006. |
(14) |
Mr. Bolte disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held
by HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd. except to the extent of his
pecuniary interest therein. See footnote 2. |
(15) |
Dr. Carlsen disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares
held by Novo A/S except to the extent of his pecuniary interest
therein. See footnote 6. |
(16) |
Dr. Goldfischer disclaims beneficial ownership of the
shares held by the Bay City Capital Fund except to the extent of
his pecuniary interest therein. See footnote 5. |
(17) |
Consists of 156,093 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006 and 28
shares of common stock. |
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(18) |
Consists of 1,073,442 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock
options exercisable within 60 days of March 15, 2006 and
includes 56 shares of common stock. |
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88
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following description of our capital stock and provisions of
our certificate of incorporation and bylaws are summaries and
are qualified by reference to the certificate of incorporation
and the bylaws that will be in effect upon the closing of this
offering. We have filed copies of these documents with the
Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to our
registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
The description of the capital stock reflects changes to our
capital structure that will occur upon the closing of this
offering.
Upon the closing of this offering, our authorized capital stock
will consist
of shares
of common stock, par value $0.001 per share,
and shares
of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, all of
which preferred stock will be undesignated.
As of March 15, 2006, we had issued and outstanding:
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11,889 shares of common stock outstanding held by 14
stockholders of record; |
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750,000 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock
that are convertible into 62,500 shares of common stock; |
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187,500 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock
that are convertible into 25,000 shares of common stock; |
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6,000,000 shares of Series C convertible preferred
stock that are convertible into 833,325 shares of common
stock; |
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13,095,769 shares of Series D convertible preferred
stock that are convertible into 2,026,717 shares of common
stock; |
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125,740,607 shares of Series E convertible preferred
stock that are convertible into 6,887,042 shares of common
stock; and |
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3,670,138 shares of
Series E-2
convertible preferred stock that are convertible into
3,670,138 shares of common stock. |
As of March 15, 2006, we also had outstanding:
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options to purchase 2,340,715 shares of common stock
at a weighted average exercise price of $2.40 per share; |
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a warrant to purchase 77,380 shares of common stock at
an exercise price of $21.00 per share; |
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a warrant to purchase 295,000 shares of Series C
preferred stock at an exercise price of $2.50 per share; |
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warrants to purchase an aggregate of 674,166 shares of
Series D preferred stock at an exercise price of
$3.25 per share; and |
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warrants to purchase an aggregate of 994,415 shares of
Series E preferred stock at an exercise price of
$.397644 per share. |
Upon the closing of this offering, all of the outstanding shares
of our preferred stock will automatically convert into a total
of 13,504,722 shares of our common stock. In addition, upon
the closing of this offering and after giving effect to the
automatic conversion of our preferred stock into common stock,
warrants to purchase an aggregate of 277,151 shares of
common stock will remain outstanding.
Common Stock
Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each
share held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders
and do not have cumulative voting rights. An election of
directors by our stockholders shall be determined by a plurality
of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the
election. Holders
89
of common stock are entitled to receive proportionately any
dividends as may be declared by our board of directors, subject
to any preferential dividend rights of outstanding preferred
stock.
In the event of our liquidation or dissolution, the holders of
common stock are entitled to receive proportionately all assets
available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of
all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights
of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have
no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights.
The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of common
stock are subject to and may be adversely affected by the rights
of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that
we may designate and issue in the future.
Preferred Stock
Under the terms of our certificate of incorporation, our board
of directors is authorized to issue shares of preferred stock in
one or more series without stockholder approval. Our board of
directors has the discretion to determine the rights,
preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting
rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption
privileges and liquidation preferences, of each series of
preferred stock.
The purpose of authorizing our board of directors to issue
preferred stock and determine its rights and preferences is to
eliminate delays associated with a stockholder vote on specific
issuances. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing
flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions, future
financings and other corporate purposes, could have the effect
of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or
could discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, a
majority of our outstanding voting stock. Upon the closing of
this offering, there will be no shares of preferred stock
outstanding, and we have no present plans to issue any shares of
preferred stock.
Warrants
As of March 15, 2006, we had outstanding a warrant to
purchase 77,380 shares of common stock at an exercise
price of $21.00 per share, a warrant to
purchase 295,000 shares of Series C preferred
stock at an exercise price of $2.50 per share, warrants to
purchase an aggregate of 674,166 shares of Series D
preferred stock at an exercise price of $3.25 per share and
warrants to purchase an aggregate of 994,415 shares of
Series E preferred stock at an exercise price of
$.397644 per share.
Upon the closing of this offering, the warrant to purchase
shares of Series C preferred stock will automatically
convert into a warrant to purchase 40,972 shares of common
stock at an exercise price of $18.00 per share, the
warrants to purchase shares of Series D preferred stock
will automatically convert into warrants to purchase an
aggregate of 104,334 shares of common stock at an exercise
price of $21.00 per share and the warrants to purchase
shares of Series E preferred stock will automatically
convert into warrants to purchase an aggregate of
54,465 shares of common stock at an exercise price of
$7.26 per share. Accordingly, upon the closing of this
offering, we will have outstanding warrants to purchase an
aggregate of 277,151 shares of our common stock at a
weighted average exercise price of $17.86 per share. The
warrants provide for adjustments in the event of specified
mergers, reorganizations, reclassifications, stock dividends,
stock splits or other changes in our corporate structure. The
warrants also provide for cashless exercise. The warrants expire
on various dates between March 14, 2008 and April 21,
2014.
The warrant to purchase 77,380 shares of common stock
contains vesting provisions. As of March 15, 2006, that
warrant was vested with respect to 61,904 shares. The
warrant would vest with respect to the remaining
15,476 shares if we receive marketing approval for PTC124
from the FDA or any similar regulatory authority outside the
United States.
Options
As of March 15, 2006, options to
purchase 2,340,715 shares of common stock at a
weighted average exercise price of $2.40 per share were
outstanding.
90
Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and our Corporate
Charter Documents
We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General
Corporation Law. Subject to certain exceptions, Section 203
prevents a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a
business combination with any interested
stockholder for three years following the date that the
person became an interested stockholder, unless the interested
stockholder attained such status with the approval of our board
of directors or unless the business combination is approved in a
prescribed manner. A business combination includes,
among other things, a merger or consolidation involving us and
the interested stockholder and the sale of more than
10% of our assets. In general, an interested
stockholder is any entity or person beneficially owning
15% or more of our outstanding voting stock and any entity or
person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by such
entity or person. The restrictions contained in Section 203
are not applicable to any of our existing stockholders that will
own 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock upon the closing
of this offering.
Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws divide our board
of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms.
In addition, our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws
provide that directors may be removed only for cause and only by
the affirmative vote of the holders of 75% of our shares of
capital stock present in person or by proxy and entitled to
vote. Under our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, any
vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting
from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled
only by vote of a majority of our directors then in office.
Furthermore, our certificate of incorporation provides that the
authorized number of directors may be changed only by the
resolution of our board of directors. The classification of our
board of directors and the limitations on the ability of our
stockholders to remove directors, change the authorized number
of directors and fill vacancies could make it more difficult for
a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from
seeking to acquire, control of our company.
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Stockholder Action; Special Meeting of Stockholders;
Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and
Director Nominations |
Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws provide that any
action required or permitted to be taken by our stockholders at
an annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders may only be
taken if it is properly brought before such meeting and may not
be taken by written action in lieu of a meeting. Our certificate
of incorporation and our bylaws also provide that, except as
otherwise required by law, special meetings of the stockholders
can only be called by our chairman of the board, our president
or chief executive officer or our board of directors. In
addition, our bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for
stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of
stockholders, including proposed nominations of candidates for
election to the board of directors. Stockholders at an annual
meeting may only consider proposals or nominations specified in
the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the
direction of the board of directors, or by a stockholder of
record on the record date for the meeting, who is entitled to
vote at the meeting and who has delivered timely written notice
in proper form to our secretary of the stockholders
intention to bring such business before the meeting. These
provisions could have the effect of delaying until the next
stockholder meeting stockholder actions that are favored by the
holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities.
The Delaware General Corporation Law provides generally that the
affirmative vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on
any matter is required to amend a corporations certificate
of incorporation or bylaws, unless a corporations
certificate of incorporation or bylaws, as the case may be,
requires a greater percentage. Our bylaws may be amended or
repealed by a majority vote of our board of directors or the
affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes
that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any
annual election of directors. In addition, the affirmative vote
of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that
91
all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any election
of directors is required to amend or repeal or to adopt any
provisions inconsistent with any of the provisions of our
certificate of incorporation described above.
Registration Rights
Upon the closing of this offering, holders of an aggregate
of shares
of our common stock, including shares of common stock underlying
outstanding warrants, will have the right to require us to
register these shares under the Securities Act under specified
circumstances.
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Demand and
Form S-3
Registration Rights |
Beginning six months after the closing of this offering, subject
to specified limitations, these stockholders may require that we
register all or part of these securities for sale under the
Securities Act on two occasions. In addition, these stockholders
may from time to time make demand for registrations on
Form S-3, a short
form registration statement, when we are eligible to use this
form.
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Incidental Registration Rights |
If we register any of our common stock, either for our own
account or for the account of other securityholders, these
stockholders are entitled to notice of the registration and to
include their shares of common stock in the registration.
Other than in a demand registration, with specified exceptions,
a holders right to include shares in a registration is
subject to the right of the underwriters to limit the number of
shares included in the offering. All fees, costs and expenses of
any demand registrations and any registrations on
Form S-3 will be
paid by us, and all selling expenses, including underwriting
discounts and commissions, will be paid by the holders of the
securities being registered.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock will be
American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.
Nasdaq National Market
We have applied to have our common stock approved for quotation
on The Nasdaq National Market under the symbol PTCT.
92
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Prior to this offering, there has been no market for our common
stock, and a liquid trading market for our common stock may not
develop or be sustained after this offering. Future sales of
substantial amounts of common stock, including shares issued
upon exercise of outstanding options and warrants or in the
public market after this offering, or the anticipation of those
sales, could adversely affect market prices prevailing from time
to time and could impair our ability to raise capital through
sales of our equity securities.
Upon the closing of this offering, we will have
outstanding shares
of common stock, after giving effect to the issuance
of shares
of common stock in this offering and the automatic conversion of
all outstanding shares of our preferred stock into an aggregate
of 13,504,722 shares of our common stock and assuming no
exercise of the underwriters over-allotment option and no
exercise of options or warrants outstanding as of
December 31, 2005.
Of the shares to be outstanding immediately after the closing of
this offering,
the shares
to be sold in this offering will be freely tradable without
restriction under the Securities Act unless purchased by our
affiliates, as that term is defined in Rule 144
under the Securities Act. The
remaining shares
of common stock are restricted securities under
Rule 144. Substantially all of these restricted securities
will be subject to the
180-day
lock-up period
described below.
After the 180-day
lock-up period, these
restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if
registered or if they qualify for an exemption from registration
under Rule 144 or 701 under the Securities Act, which
exemptions are summarized below.
Rule 144
In general, under Rule 144, beginning 90 days after
the date of this prospectus, a person who has beneficially owned
shares of our common stock for at least one year, including the
holding period of any prior owner other than one of our
affiliates, would be entitled to sell within any three-month
period a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of:
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1% of the number of shares of our common stock then outstanding,
which will equal
approximately shares
immediately after this offering, and |
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the average weekly trading volume in our common stock on The
Nasdaq National Market during the four calendar weeks preceding
the date of filing of a Notice of Proposed Sale of Securities
Pursuant to Rule 144 with respect to the sale. |
Sales under Rule 144 are also subject to manner of sale
provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of
current public information about us. Upon expiration of the
180-day
lock-up period
described
below, of
shares of our common stock will be eligible for sale under
Rule 144, excluding shares eligible for resale under
Rule 144(k) as described below. We cannot estimate the
number of shares of common stock that our existing stockholders
will elect to sell under Rule 144.
Rule 144(k)
Subject to the lock-up
agreements described below, shares of our common stock eligible
for sale under Rule 144(k) may be sold immediately upon the
closing of this offering. In general, under Rule 144(k), a
person may sell shares of common stock acquired from us
immediately upon the closing of this offering, without regard to
manner of sale, the availability of public information about us
or volume limitations, if:
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the person is not our affiliate and has not been our affiliate
at any time during the three months preceding the sale; and |
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the person has beneficially owned the shares proposed to be sold
for at least two years, including the holding period of any
prior owner other than our affiliates. |
Upon the expiration of the
180-day
lock-up period
described below,
approximately shares
of common stock will be eligible for sale under Rule 144(k).
93
Rule 701
In general, under Rule 701 of the Securities Act, any of
our employees, consultants or advisors who purchased shares from
us in connection with a qualified compensatory stock plan or
other written agreement is eligible to resell those shares
90 days after the effective date of this offering in
reliance on Rule 144, but without compliance with the
various restrictions, including the holding period, contained in
Rule 144. Subject to the
180-day
lock-up period
described below,
approximately shares
of our common stock will be eligible for sale in accordance with
Rule 701.
Lock-up
Agreements
We expect that the holders of substantially all of our currently
outstanding capital stock will agree that, without the prior
written consent of Morgan Stanley, they will not, during the
period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus,
subject to exceptions specified in the
lock-up agreements,
offer, sell, contract to sell or otherwise dispose of, directly
or indirectly, or hedge our common stock or securities
convertible into or exchangeable for or exercisable for our
common stock, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase
any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or
warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise dispose of, directly or
indirectly, any shares of our common stock or any securities
convertible into or exercisable for our common stock. Further,
these holders have agreed that, during this period, they will
not make any demand for, or exercise any right with respect to,
the registration of our common stock or warrants or other rights
to purchase the common stock.
Registration Rights
Upon the closing of this offering, the holders of an aggregate
of shares
of our common stock, including shares of common stock underlying
outstanding warrants, will have the right to require us to
register these shares under the Securities Act under specified
circumstances. After registration pursuant to these rights,
these shares will become freely tradable without restriction
under the Securities Act. Please see Description of
Capital Stock Registration Rights for additional
information regarding these registration rights.
Stock Options
As of March 15, 2006, we had outstanding options to
purchase 2,340,715 shares of common stock, of which
options to purchase 1,545,064 shares were vested. Following
this offering, we intend to file registration statements on
Form S-8 under the
Securities Act to register all of the shares of common stock
subject to outstanding options and options and other awards
issuable pursuant to our 1998 stock option plan, our 2006 equity
plan and our 2006 employee stock purchase plan. Please see
Management Stock Option and Other Compensation
Plans for additional information regarding these plans.
Accordingly, shares of our common stock registered under the
registration statements will be available for sale in the open
market, subject to Rule 144 volume limitations applicable
to affiliates, and subject to any vesting restrictions and
lock-up agreements
applicable to these shares.
Warrants
Upon the closing of this offering, we will have outstanding
warrants to purchase an aggregate of 277,151 shares of our
common stock at a weighted average exercise price of
$17.86 per share. Any shares purchased pursuant to the
cashless exercise features of these warrants will be freely
tradable under Rule 144(k), subject to the
180-day
lock-up period
described above.
94
UNDERWRITERS
Under the terms and subject to the conditions contained in an
underwriting agreement dated the date of this prospectus, the
underwriters named below, for whom Morgan Stanley & Co.
Incorporated, J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. and Pacific
Growth Equities, LLC are acting as representatives, have
severally agreed to purchase, and we have agreed to sell to
them, severally, the number of shares of common stock indicated
in the table below:
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Number of | |
Name |
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Shares | |
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Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated
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J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.
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Pacific Growth Equities, LLC
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Total
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The underwriters are offering the shares of common stock subject
to their acceptance of the shares from us and subject to prior
sale. The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations
of the several underwriters to pay for and accept delivery of
the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus are
subject to the approval of certain legal matters by their
counsel and to other conditions. The underwriters are obligated
to take and pay for all of the shares of common stock offered by
this prospectus if any such shares are taken. However, the
underwriters are not required to take or pay for the shares
covered by the underwriters over-allotment option
described below.
The underwriters initially propose to offer part of the shares
of common stock directly to the public at the public offering
price listed on the cover page of this prospectus and part to
certain dealers at a price that represents a concession not in
excess of
$ a
share under the public offering price. No underwriter may allow,
and no dealer may re-allow, any concession to other underwriters
or to certain dealers. After the initial offering of the shares
of common stock, the offering price and other selling terms may
from time to time be varied by the representatives.
We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for
30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to
an aggregate
of additional
shares of common stock at the public offering price listed on
the cover page of this prospectus, less underwriting discounts
and commissions. The underwriters may exercise this option
solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, if any, made
in connection with the offering of the shares of common stock
offered by this prospectus. To the extent the option is
exercised, each underwriter will become obligated, subject to
certain conditions, to purchase approximately the same
percentage of the additional shares of common stock as the
number listed next to the underwriters name in the
preceding table bears to the total number of shares of common
stock listed next to the names of all underwriters in the
preceding table. If the underwriters over-allotment option
is exercised in full, the total price to the public would be
$ ,
the total underwriters discounts and commissions would be
$ and
the total proceeds to us would be
$ .
The following table shows the per share and total underwriting
discounts and commissions that we are to pay to the underwriters
in connection with this offering. These amounts are shown
assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the
underwriters option to purchase additional shares of our
common stock.
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No | |
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Full | |
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Exercise | |
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Exercise | |
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Per share
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$ |
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$ |
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Total
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$ |
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$ |
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In addition, we estimate that the expenses of this offering
payable by us, other than underwriting discounts and
commissions, will be approximately
$ million.
The underwriters have informed us that they do not intend sales
to discretionary accounts to exceed five percent of the total
number of shares of common stock offered by them.
95
We, all of our directors and executive officers and holders of
substantially all of our outstanding stock have agreed that,
without the prior written consent of Morgan Stanley &
Co. Incorporated on behalf of the underwriters, we and they will
not, during the period ending 180 days after the date of
this prospectus:
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offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or
contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell,
grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or
otherwise transfer or dispose of directly or indirectly, any
shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or
exercisable or exchangeable for our common stock; or |
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enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to
another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences
of ownership of the common stock; |
whether any such transaction described above is to be settled by
delivery of common stock or such other securities, in cash or
otherwise.
The 180-day restricted
period described in the preceding paragraph will be extended if:
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during the last 17 days of the
180-day restricted
period we issue an earnings release or material news or a
material event relating to our company occurs; or |
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prior to the expiration of the
180-day restricted
period, we announce that we will release earnings results during
the 16-day period
beginning on the last day of the
180-day period, |
in which case the restrictions described in the preceding
paragraph will continue to apply until the expiration of the
18-day period beginning
on the issuance of the earnings release or the occurrence of the
material news or material event.
These restrictions do not apply to:
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the sale of shares to the underwriters; |
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the issuance by us of shares of common stock upon the exercise
of an option or a warrant or the conversion of a security
outstanding on the date of this prospectus of which the
underwriters have been advised in writing; |
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the grant of options or the issuance of shares of common stock
by us pursuant to our equity plans described in this prospectus,
provided that the recipient of the options or shares agrees to
be subject to the restrictions described above; |
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the issuance by us of shares of common stock in connection with
strategic transactions, such as collaboration or license
agreements, provided that the recipient of the shares agrees to
be subject to the restrictions described above; |
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transactions by any person other than us relating to shares of
common stock or other securities acquired in open market
transactions after the closing of the offering of the shares; |
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transfers by any person other than us of shares of common stock
or other securities as a bona fide gift; or |
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distributions other than by us of shares of common stock or
other securities to limited partners or stockholders; |
provided that in the case of each of the last three
transactions, no filing under Section 16(a) of the Exchange
Act is required or is voluntarily made in connection with the
transaction, and in the case of each of the last two
transactions, each donee or distributee agrees to be subject to
the restrictions on transfer described above.
In order to facilitate this offering of the common stock, the
underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain
or otherwise affect the price of the common stock. Specifically,
the underwriters may sell more shares than they are obligated to
purchase under the underwriting agreement, creating a short
position. A short sale is covered if the short position is no
greater than the number of shares available for purchase by the
underwriters under the over-allotment option. The underwriters
can close out a covered short sale by
96
exercising the over-allotment option or by purchasing shares in
the open market. In determining the source of shares to close
out a covered short sale, the underwriters will consider, among
other things, the open market price of shares compared to the
price available under the over-allotment option. The
underwriters may also sell shares in excess of the
over-allotment option, creating a naked short position. The
underwriters must close out any naked short position by
purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is
more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that
there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock
in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect
investors who purchase in this offering. In addition, to
stabilize the price of the common stock, the underwriters may
bid for, and purchase shares of common stock in the open market.
Finally, the underwriting syndicate may reclaim selling
concessions allowed to an underwriter or a dealer for
distributing the common stock in the offering, if the syndicate
repurchases previously distributed common stock in transactions
to cover syndicate short positions or to stabilize the price of
the common stock. Any of these activities may stabilize or
maintain the market price of the common stock above independent
market levels or prevent or retard a decline in the market price
of the common stock. The underwriters are not required to engage
in these activities, and may end any of these activities at any
time.
We have applied for quotation of our common stock on the Nasdaq
National Market under the symbol PTCT.
We and the underwriters have agreed to indemnify each other
against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the
Securities Act.
Directed Share Program
At our request, the underwriters have reserved for sale, at the
initial public offering price, up
to shares
offered by this prospectus to directors, officers, employees and
other individuals associated with us through a directed share
program. The number of shares of our common stock available for
sale to the general public in the offering will be reduced to
the extent these persons purchase these reserved shares. Any
reserved shares not purchased by these persons will be offered
by the underwriters to the general public on the same basis as
the other shares offered by this prospectus. Recipients of
reserved shares will be required to agree with the underwriters
not to sell, transfer, assign, pledge or hypothecate these
shares for a period of 180 days after purchasing the shares.
Pricing of the Offering
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market our
common stock. The initial public offering price will be
determined by negotiations between us and the representatives of
the underwriters. Among the factors to be considered in
determining the initial public offering price will be our future
prospects and those of our industry in general, our sales,
earnings and other financial operating information in recent
periods, and the price-earnings ratios, price-sales ratios and
market prices of securities and certain financial and operating
information of companies engaged in activities similar to ours.
The estimated initial public offering price range set forth on
the cover page of this preliminary prospectus is subject to
change as a result of market conditions and other factors.
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the
websites maintained by one or more of the underwriters, and one
or more of the underwriters may distribute prospectuses
electronically. The underwriters may agree to allocate a number
of shares to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage
account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the
underwriters that make Internet distributions on the same basis
as other allocations.
97
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the common stock we are offering will be passed
upon by Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, New York, New
York. Ropes & Gray LLP has acted as counsel for the
underwriters in connection with certain legal matters related to
this offering.
EXPERTS
The financial statements of PTC Therapeutics, Inc. (a
development-stage company) as of December 31, 2004 and
2005, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended
December 31, 2005 and for the period from March 31,
1998 (inception) to December 31, 2005, have been included
herein and in the registration statement in reliance upon the
reports of KPMG LLP, independent registered public accounting
firm, and Arthur Andersen LLP, independent accountants,
appearing elsewhere herein, and upon the authority of said firms
as experts in accounting and auditing.
KPMG LLPs audit report contains an explanatory paragraph
that refers to KPMG LLPs audit of the adjustments that
were applied to restate the cumulative statements of operations,
stockholders equity (deficit) and comprehensive loss, and
cash flows for the period from March 31, 1998 (inception)
to December 31, 2001, as more fully described in
note 2(o) to the financial statements. However, KPMG LLP
was not engaged to audit, review or apply procedures to the
cumulative financial statements for the period from
March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31, 2001 other
than with respect to such adjustments, and accordingly, KPMG LLP
did not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on the
cumulative financial statements for the period from
March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31, 2001, taken
as a whole.
The cumulative statements of operations, stockholders
equity (deficit) and comprehensive loss, and cash flows for the
period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31,
2001 of PTC Therapeutics, Inc. (a development-stage company),
included herein and in the registration statement, have been
audited by Arthur Andersen LLP, our former accountants. You have
no effective remedy against Arthur Andersen in connection with a
material misstatement or omission in those financial statements,
particularly in the event that Arthur Andersen ceases to exist
as an entity or becomes insolvent as a result of proceedings
against it.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a
registration statement on
Form S-1 under the
Securities Act with respect to the shares of common stock we are
offering to sell. This prospectus, which constitutes part of the
registration statement, does not include all of the information
contained in the registration statement and the exhibits,
schedules and amendments to the registration statement. For
further information with respect to us and our common stock, we
refer you to the registration statement and to the exhibits and
schedules to the registration statement. Statements contained in
this prospectus about the contents of any contract or any other
document are not necessarily complete, and, in each instance, we
refer you to the copy of the contract or other documents filed
as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these
statements is qualified in all respects by this reference.
You may read and copy the registration statement of which this
prospectus is a part at the Securities and Exchange
Commissions public reference room, which is located at
100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C.
20549. You can request copies of the registration statement by
writing to the Securities and Exchange Commission and paying a
fee for the copying cost. Please call the Securities and
Exchange Commission at
1-800-SEC-0330 for more
information about the operation of the Securities and Exchange
Commissions public reference room. In addition, the
Securities and Exchange Commission maintains an Internet
website, which is located at http://www.sec.gov, that contains
reports, proxy and information statements and other information
regarding issuers that file electronically with the Securities
and Exchange Commission. You may access the registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part at the Securities
and Exchange Commissions Internet website. Upon closing of
this offering, we will be subject to the information reporting
requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended,
and we will file reports, proxy statements and other information
with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
98
This prospectus includes statistical data that were obtained
from industry publications. These industry publications
generally indicate that the authors of these publications have
obtained information from sources believed to be reliable but do
not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of their
information. While we believe these industry publications to be
reliable, we have not independently verified their data.
99
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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Page | |
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F-2 |
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F-4 |
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F-5 |
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F-6 |
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F-8 |
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F-9 |
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F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
PTC Therapeutics, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of PTC
Therapeutics, Inc. (a development-stage company) as of
December 31, 2004 and 2005, and the related statements of
operations, stockholders equity (deficit) and
comprehensive loss, and cash flows for each of the years in the
three-year period ended December 31, 2005 and for the
period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31,
2005. These financial statements are the responsibility of the
Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. The
cumulative statements of operations, stockholders equity
(deficit) and comprehensive loss, and cash flows for the period
from March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31, 2005
include amounts for the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 1998 and for each of the
years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2001,
which were audited by other auditors who have ceased operations.
Those auditors expressed an unqualified opinion on those
financial statements, before the restatement described in
note 2(o) to the financial statements, in their report
dated March 22, 2002. Our opinion, insofar as it relates to
the amounts included for the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2001 before the
restatement described in note 2(o), is based solely on the
report of the other auditors.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are
free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in
the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of the other
auditors, the financial statements referred to above present
fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of PTC
Therapeutics, Inc. (a development-stage company) as of
December 31, 2004 and 2005, and the results of its
operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the
three-year period ended December 31, 2005 and for the
period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31,
2005, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting
principles.
As discussed above, the cumulative statements of operations,
stockholders equity (deficit) and comprehensive loss,
and cash flows for the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2005 include amounts for the
period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31,
2001, which were audited by other auditors who have ceased
operations. As described in note 2(o), those financial
statements have been restated. We audited the adjustments
described in note 2(o) that were applied to restate the
cumulative financial statements for the period from
March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31, 2001.
In our opinion, such adjustments are appropriate and have been
properly applied. However, we were not engaged to audit, review,
or apply any procedures to the cumulative financials statements
for the period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to
December 31, 2001 of PTC Therapeutics, Inc. other than with
respect to such adjustments, and, accordingly, we do not express
an opinion or any other form of assurance on the cumulative
financial statements for the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2001 taken as a whole.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
March 31, 2006
F-2
The following is a copy of a report issued by Arthur Andersen
LLP report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001
issued on March 22, 2002. This report has not been reissued
by Arthur Andersen LLP, and Arthur Andersen LLP has not
consented to its use in this Registration Statement on
Form S-1.
Report of Independent Public Accountants
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of
PTC Therapeutics, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of PTC
Therapeutics, Inc. (a Delaware corporation in the development
stage) as of December 31, 2000 and 2001, and the related
statements of operations, stockholders equity (deficit),
and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2000 and
2001, and the period from inception (March 31, 1998)
through December 31, 2001. These financial statements are
the responsibility of the Companys management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards
generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require
that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable
assurance about whether the financial statements are free of
material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test
basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the
financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above
present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position
of PTC Therapeutics, Inc. as of December 31, 2000 and 2001,
and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the
years ended December 31, 2000 and 2001, and the period from
inception (March 31, 1998) through December 31, 2001,
in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in
the United States.
/s/ Arthur Andersen LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
March 22, 2002
F-3
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
BALANCE SHEETS
December 31, 2004 and 2005 and Pro Forma
December 31, 2005
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Pro Forma | |
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2004 | |
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2005 | |
|
2005 | |
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| |
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| |
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(unaudited) | |
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|
(see note 2(u)) | |
ASSETS |
Current assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$ |
6,777,339 |
|
|
$ |
10,964,552 |
|
|
$ |
10,964,552 |
|
|
Short-term investments
|
|
|
26,209,351 |
|
|
|
26,875,682 |
|
|
|
26,875,682 |
|
|
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
|
|
|
721,941 |
|
|
|
1,136,755 |
|
|
|
1,136,755 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total current assets
|
|
|
33,708,631 |
|
|
|
38,976,989 |
|
|
|
38,976,989 |
|
Fixed assets, net
|
|
|
5,205,361 |
|
|
|
4,701,786 |
|
|
|
4,701,786 |
|
Deposits and other assets
|
|
|
54,049 |
|
|
|
295,704 |
|
|
|
295,704 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
$ |
38,968,041 |
|
|
|
43,974,479 |
|
|
|
43,974,479 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY |
Current liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accounts payable
|
|
$ |
1,703,026 |
|
|
$ |
1,183,261 |
|
|
$ |
1,183,261 |
|
|
Accrued expenses
|
|
|
1,500,875 |
|
|
|
2,710,366 |
|
|
|
2,710,366 |
|
|
Current portion of long-term debt
|
|
|
924,516 |
|
|
|
477,808 |
|
|
|
477,808 |
|
|
Deferred revenue
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
275,000 |
|
|
|
275,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total current liabilities
|
|
|
4,128,417 |
|
|
|
4,646,435 |
|
|
|
4,646,435 |
|
Deferred rent
|
|
|
21,441 |
|
|
|
122,653 |
|
|
|
122,653 |
|
Long-term debt
|
|
|
204,975 |
|
|
|
804,473 |
|
|
|
804,473 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
|
4,354,833 |
|
|
|
5,573,561 |
|
|
|
5,573,561 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commitments and contingencies (note 9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stockholders equity:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, authorized
153,407,582 shares;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series A convertible preferred stock, designated
750,000 shares issued and outstanding 750,000 shares
actual (liquidation preference of $750,000); no shares issued
and outstanding pro forma
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series B convertible preferred stock, designated
187,500 shares issued and outstanding 187,500 shares
actual (liquidation preference of $375,000); no shares issued
and outstanding pro forma
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series C convertible preferred stock, designated
6,295,000 shares issued and outstanding
6,000,000 shares actual (liquidation preference of
$15,000,000); no shares issued and outstanding pro forma
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series D convertible preferred stock, designated
13,800,000 shares issued and outstanding
13,095,769 shares actual (liquidation preference of
$42,561,249); no shares issued and outstanding pro forma
|
|
|
39,282,460 |
|
|
|
39,282,460 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series E convertible preferred stock, designated
128,242,850 shares issued and outstanding
125,740,607 shares actual (liquidation preference of
$49,999,998); no shares issued and outstanding pro forma
|
|
|
49,048,047 |
|
|
|
49,048,047 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series E-2 convertible preferred stock, designated
4,132,232 shares issued and outstanding
3,670,138 shares actual (liquidation preference of
$26,645,187); no shares issued and outstanding pro forma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26,510,745 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common stock, $0.001 par value; authorized
18,228,538 shares; issued and outstanding 68 shares at
December 31, 2004 and 6,943 shares at
December 31, 2005 and 13,511,665 issued and outstanding pro
forma (unaudited)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
13,512 |
|
|
Additional paid-in capital
|
|
|
353,131 |
|
|
|
506,364 |
|
|
|
130,565,724 |
|
|
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
|
|
|
(65,429 |
) |
|
|
(33,972 |
) |
|
|
(33,972 |
) |
|
Deficit accumulated during the development stage
|
|
|
(69,236,614 |
) |
|
|
(92,144,346 |
) |
|
|
(92,144,346 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total stockholders equity
|
|
|
34,613,208 |
|
|
|
38,400,918 |
|
|
|
38,400,918 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities and stockholders equity
|
|
$ |
38,968,041 |
|
|
$ |
43,974,479 |
|
|
$ |
43,974,479 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
F-4
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Years Ended December 31, 2003, 2004, and 2005, and for
the
Period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to
December 31, 2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Period from | |
|
|
|
|
March 31, 1998 | |
|
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
(inception) to | |
|
|
| |
|
December 31, | |
|
|
2003 | |
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Revenues
|
|
$ |
756,101 |
|
|
$ |
1,606,076 |
|
|
$ |
4,966,779 |
|
|
$ |
7,668,956 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
|
|
17,694,414 |
|
|
|
20,070,231 |
|
|
|
21,122,934 |
|
|
|
76,970,532 |
|
|
General and administrative
|
|
|
4,693,240 |
|
|
|
6,022,740 |
|
|
|
7,943,584 |
|
|
|
27,230,732 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total operating expenses
|
|
|
22,387,654 |
|
|
|
26,092,971 |
|
|
|
29,066,518 |
|
|
|
104,201,264 |
|
|
|
Loss from operations
|
|
|
(21,631,553 |
) |
|
|
(24,486,895 |
) |
|
|
(24,099,739 |
) |
|
|
(96,532,308 |
) |
Interest income
|
|
|
316,827 |
|
|
|
578,732 |
|
|
|
853,817 |
|
|
|
3,997,886 |
|
Interest expense
|
|
|
(358,022 |
) |
|
|
(184,145 |
) |
|
|
(140,647 |
) |
|
|
(1,006,919 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loss before tax benefit
|
|
|
(21,672,748 |
) |
|
|
(24,092,308 |
) |
|
|
(23,386,569 |
) |
|
|
(93,541,341 |
) |
Tax benefit
|
|
|
235,142 |
|
|
|
450,781 |
|
|
|
478,837 |
|
|
|
1,396,995 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss allocable to common stockholders
|
|
$ |
(21,437,606 |
) |
|
$ |
(23,641,527 |
) |
|
$ |
(22,907,732 |
) |
|
$ |
(92,144,346 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic and diluted net loss per share allocable to common
stockholders
|
|
$ |
(315,259 |
) |
|
$ |
(347,670 |
) |
|
$ |
(9,925 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share
allocable to common stockholders
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
2,308 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per common share
(note 2(t)) (unaudited)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
(2.11 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares used to compute pro forma basic and diluted net loss per
common share (note 2(t)) (unaudited)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,831,634 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
F-5
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY (DEFICIT) AND
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to
December 31, 2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series A | |
|
Series B | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Convertible | |
|
Convertible | |
|
Series C Convertible | |
|
Series D Convertible | |
|
Series E Convertible | |
|
|
Preferred Stock | |
|
Preferred Stock | |
|
Preferred Stock | |
|
Preferred Stock | |
|
Preferred Stock | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
Shares | |
|
Amount | |
|
Shares | |
|
Amount | |
|
Shares | |
|
Amount | |
|
Shares | |
|
Amount | |
|
Shares | |
|
Amount | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Initial capitalization, March 31, 1998
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
Issuance of common stock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sale of Series A convertible preferred stock
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 1998
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 1999
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales of Series B convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $10,476
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
187,500 |
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales of Series C convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $882,911
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6,000,000 |
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Issuance of common stock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comprehensive loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unrealized gain on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2000
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
187,500 |
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
|
6,000,000 |
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales of Series D convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $2,286,789
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12,295,769 |
|
|
|
37,674,460 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comprehensive loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unrealized loss on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2001
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
187,500 |
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
|
6,000,000 |
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
12,295,769 |
|
|
|
37,674,460 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2002
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
187,500 |
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
|
6,000,000 |
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
12,295,769 |
|
|
|
37,674,460 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Issuance of options to consultants
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Issuance of Series D convertible preferred stock in
connection with the termination of collaboration agreement
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
800,000 |
|
|
|
1,608,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales of Series E convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $803,782
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
88,018,430 |
|
|
|
34,196,218 |
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2003
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
187,500 |
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
|
6,000,000 |
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
13,095,769 |
|
|
|
39,282,460 |
|
|
|
88,018,430 |
|
|
|
34,196,218 |
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warrants issued for in-process research and development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales of Series E convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $148,169
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37,722,177 |
|
|
|
14,851,829 |
|
Comprehensive loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unrealized loss on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2004
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
|
187,500 |
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
|
6,000,000 |
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
13,095,769 |
|
|
|
39,282,460 |
|
|
|
125,740,607 |
|
|
|
49,048,047 |
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warrants issued for in-process research and development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales of Series E-2 convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $134,441
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comprehensive loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unrealized gain on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2005
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
$ |
750,000 |
|
|
|
187,500 |
|
|
$ |
364,524 |
|
|
|
6,000,000 |
|
|
$ |
14,117,089 |
|
|
|
13,095,769 |
|
|
$ |
39,282,460 |
|
|
|
125,740,607 |
|
|
$ |
49,048,047 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F-6
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY (DEFICIT) AND
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS(Continued)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common Stock | |
|
|
|
|
|
Accumulated | |
|
Deficit | |
|
|
|
|
Series E-2 Convertible | |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Other | |
|
Accumulated | |
|
Total | |
|
|
Preferred Stock | |
|
|
|
Additional | |
|
|
|
Comprehensive | |
|
During the | |
|
Stockholders | |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
$0.001 Par | |
|
Paid-in | |
|
Deferred | |
|
Income | |
|
Development- | |
|
Equity | |
|
|
Shares | |
|
Amount | |
|
Shares | |
|
Value | |
|
Capital | |
|
Compensation | |
|
(Loss) | |
|
Stage | |
|
(Deficit) | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Initial capitalization, March 31, 1998
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
59 |
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
1,000 |
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
1,000 |
|
Issuance of common stock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
|
Sale of Series A convertible preferred stock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
Deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
197 |
|
|
|
(197 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(322,338 |
) |
|
|
(322,338 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 1998
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,239 |
|
|
|
(148 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(322,338 |
) |
|
|
428,753 |
|
Deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
197 |
|
|
|
(197 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
86 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
86 |
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(671,055 |
) |
|
|
(671,055 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 1999
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,436 |
|
|
|
(259 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(993,393 |
) |
|
|
(242,216 |
) |
Sales of Series B convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $10,476
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
Sales of Series C convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $882,911
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
Issuance of common stock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7,812 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7,812 |
|
Deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
98,381 |
|
|
|
(98,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64,279 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64,279 |
|
Comprehensive loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1,459,060 |
) |
|
|
(1,459,060 |
) |
|
Unrealized gain on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,313 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,313 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1,448,747 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
107,629 |
|
|
|
(34,361 |
) |
|
|
10,313 |
|
|
|
(2,452,453 |
) |
|
|
12,862,741 |
|
Sales of Series D convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $2,286,789
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37,674,460 |
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26,466 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26,466 |
|
Comprehensive loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(8,213,604 |
) |
|
|
(8,213,604 |
) |
|
Unrealized loss on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(10,313 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(10,313 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(8,223,917 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2001
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
107,629 |
|
|
|
(7,895 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(10,666,057 |
) |
|
|
42,339,750 |
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40,000 |
|
Amortization of deferred compensation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7,895 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7,895 |
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(13,491,424 |
) |
|
|
(13,491,424 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2002
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
147,629 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(24,157,481 |
) |
|
|
28,896,221 |
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
775 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
775 |
|
Issuance of options to consultants
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,917 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,917 |
|
Issuance of Series D convertible preferred stock in
connection with the termination of collaboration agreement
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,608,000 |
|
Sales of Series E convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $803,782
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
34,196,218 |
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(21,437,606 |
) |
|
|
(21,437,606 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2003
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
159,321 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(45,595,087 |
) |
|
|
43,274,525 |
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
643 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
643 |
|
Warrants issued for in-process research and development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
193,167 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
193,167 |
|
Sales of Series E convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $148,169
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14,851,829 |
|
Comprehensive loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(23,641,527 |
) |
|
|
(23,641,527 |
) |
|
Unrealized loss on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(65,429 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(65,429 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(23,706,956 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
353,131 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(65,429 |
) |
|
|
(69,236,614 |
) |
|
|
34,613,208 |
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6,875 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
12,986 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12,993 |
|
Warrants issued for in-process research and development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
140,247 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
140,247 |
|
Sales of Series E-2 convertible preferred stock, net of
issuance costs of $134,441
|
|
|
3,670,138 |
|
|
|
26,510,745 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26,510,745 |
|
Comprehensive loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(22,907,732 |
) |
|
|
(22,907,732 |
) |
|
Unrealized gain on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31,457 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31,457 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total comprehensive loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(22,876,275 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2005
|
|
|
3,670,138 |
|
|
$ |
26,510,745 |
|
|
|
6,943 |
|
|
$ |
7 |
|
|
$ |
506,364 |
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
(33,972 |
) |
|
$ |
(92,144,346 |
) |
|
$ |
38,400,918 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
F-7
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Years Ended December 31, 2003, 2004, and 2005, and for
the
Period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to
December 31, 2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Period from | |
|
|
|
|
March 31, 1998 | |
|
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
(inception) to | |
|
|
| |
|
December 31, | |
|
|
2003 | |
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Cash flows from operating activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss allocable to common stockholders
|
|
$ |
(21,437,606 |
) |
|
$ |
(23,641,527 |
) |
|
$ |
(22,907,732 |
) |
|
$ |
(92,144,346 |
) |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating
activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
1,553,029 |
|
|
|
1,437,444 |
|
|
|
1,466,131 |
|
|
|
6,325,046 |
|
|
|
In-process research and development charge
|
|
|
1,608,000 |
|
|
|
193,167 |
|
|
|
140,247 |
|
|
|
1,941,414 |
|
|
|
Stock-based compensation expense
|
|
|
10,917 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
109,692 |
|
|
|
Issuance of common stock for license
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7,812 |
|
|
|
Realized gain on investment
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(10,314 |
) |
|
|
Gain on disposal of fixed assets
|
|
|
(2,768 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(2,768 |
) |
|
|
Forgiveness of related-party loan
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50,000 |
|
|
|
50,000 |
|
|
|
100,000 |
|
|
|
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
|
|
|
157,788 |
|
|
|
(443,388 |
) |
|
|
(414,814 |
) |
|
|
(1,086,755 |
) |
|
|
|
Deposits and other assets
|
|
|
19,970 |
|
|
|
(5,617 |
) |
|
|
(241,655 |
) |
|
|
(295,704 |
) |
|
|
|
Accounts payable
|
|
|
376,275 |
|
|
|
565,409 |
|
|
|
(397,790 |
) |
|
|
1,183,261 |
|
|
|
|
Accrued expenses
|
|
|
1,513,238 |
|
|
|
(454,012 |
) |
|
|
1,209,491 |
|
|
|
2,710,366 |
|
|
|
|
Deferred rent
|
|
|
(24,185 |
) |
|
|
(109,183 |
) |
|
|
101,212 |
|
|
|
122,653 |
|
|
|
|
Deferred revenue
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
275,000 |
|
|
|
275,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net cash used in operating activities
|
|
|
(16,225,342 |
) |
|
|
(22,407,707 |
) |
|
|
(20,719,910 |
) |
|
|
(80,764,643 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash flows from investing activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Purchases of fixed assets
|
|
|
(667,491 |
) |
|
|
(1,120,810 |
) |
|
|
(962,556 |
) |
|
|
(11,039,173 |
) |
|
Purchases of investments
|
|
|
(11,038,405 |
) |
|
|
(51,671,306 |
) |
|
|
(34,741,738 |
) |
|
|
(177,586,492 |
) |
|
Sales of investments
|
|
|
25,374,112 |
|
|
|
32,623,927 |
|
|
|
34,106,864 |
|
|
|
150,687,151 |
|
|
Issuance of related-party loan
|
|
|
(50,000 |
) |
|
|
(50,000 |
) |
|
|
(50,000 |
) |
|
|
(150,000 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net cash used in investing activities
|
|
|
13,618,216 |
|
|
|
(20,218,189 |
) |
|
|
(1,647,430 |
) |
|
|
(38,088,514 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash flows from financing activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proceeds from long-term debt
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
317,080 |
|
|
|
1,366,678 |
|
|
|
7,825,587 |
|
|
Payments on long-term debt
|
|
|
(1,974,286 |
) |
|
|
(1,866,128 |
) |
|
|
(1,213,888 |
) |
|
|
(6,528,196 |
) |
|
Proceeds from sale of Series A preferred stock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
750,000 |
|
|
Proceeds from sale of Series B preferred stock, net of
issuance costs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
364,524 |
|
|
Proceeds from sale of Series C preferred stock, net of
issuance costs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14,117,089 |
|
|
Proceeds from sale of Series D preferred stock, net of
issuance costs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37,674,460 |
|
|
Proceeds from sale of Series E preferred stock, net of
issuance costs
|
|
|
34,196,218 |
|
|
|
14,851,829 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49,048,047 |
|
|
Proceeds from sale of Series E-2 preferred stock, net of
issuance costs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26,510,745 |
|
|
|
26,510,745 |
|
|
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock
|
|
|
775 |
|
|
|
643 |
|
|
|
12,993 |
|
|
|
55,453 |
|
|
(Payments on) proceeds from short-term borrowings
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
121,975 |
|
|
|
(121,975 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net cash provided by financing activities
|
|
|
32,222,707 |
|
|
|
13,425,399 |
|
|
|
26,554,553 |
|
|
|
129,817,709 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
|
|
|
29,615,581 |
|
|
|
(29,200,497 |
) |
|
|
4,187,213 |
|
|
|
10,964,552 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
|
|
|
6,362,255 |
|
|
|
35,977,836 |
|
|
|
6,777,339 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
|
|
$ |
35,977,836 |
|
|
$ |
6,777,339 |
|
|
$ |
10,964,552 |
|
|
$ |
10,964,552 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supplemental disclosure:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash paid for interest
|
|
$ |
358,022 |
|
|
$ |
186,434 |
|
|
$ |
138,770 |
|
|
$ |
1,007,331 |
|
|
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(65,429 |
) |
|
|
31,457 |
|
|
|
(33,972 |
) |
|
Issuance of Series D preferred stock for in-process
research and development
|
|
|
1,608,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,608,000 |
|
|
Issuance of warrants for in-process research and development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
193,167 |
|
|
|
140,247 |
|
|
|
333,414 |
|
|
Acquisition of fixed assets through capital leases
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15,110 |
|
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
F-8
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2004 and 2005
PTC Therapeutics, Inc. (the Company) was incorporated as a
Delaware corporation on March 31, 1998. The Company is in
the development-stage and is a biopharmaceutical company focused
on the discovery and development of orally administered,
proprietary small-molecule drugs that target
post-transcriptional control processes.
The Company is devoting substantially all of its efforts toward
product research and development, initial sales and market
development, and raising capital. The Company has not generated
product revenue to date and is subject to a number of risks
similar to those of other development-stage companies, including
dependence on key individuals, the development of commercially
usable products, the need to obtain adequate additional
financing necessary to fund the development of its products, and
competition from larger companies. The Company has incurred
losses each year since inception. As of December 31, 2005,
the Company had a deficit accumulated during the development
stage of $92.1 million. Given its planned level of
operating expenses, management believes that its existing cash
and cash equivalents and short-term investments, expected
revenue from collaborations, grants, and interest income should
be sufficient to meet its operating and capital requirements at
least through 2007.
The Company may require amounts of additional capital in the
future to fund operations, and the Company does not have any
assurance that funding will be available when needed or on terms
that the Company finds favorable, if at all. If the Company is
unable to raise additional capital when required, the Company
may need to delay, scale back, or eliminate some of its research
and development programs.
|
|
(2) |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
(a) Use of
Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with
accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of
America requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and
disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of
the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues
and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could
differ from those estimates.
(b) Cash and Cash
Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased
with a maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase
to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are carried at market
value.
(c) Investments
The Companys short-term investments consist of debt
securities. Management determines the classification of debt
securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such
designation as of each balance sheet date. Management cannot
definitively state that it has the ability and intent to hold
its short-term investments to maturity. As such, these
investments are classified as available-for-sale and carried at
fair market value, with any unrealized gain or loss recorded as
a separate component of stockholders equity. As of
December 31, 2004 and 2005, the Company has held all of its
short-term investments to maturity. Fair value is based upon
market prices quoted on the last day of the fiscal quarter.
The Company reviews its short-term investments on a periodic
basis for other-than-temporary impairments. This review is
subjective, as it requires management to evaluate whether an
event or change in circumstances has occurred in that period
that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of
the
F-9
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
investment. As of December 31, 2005, the Company has deemed
its unrealized loss not to be other-than-temporary.
Following is a summary of investments accounted for as
available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2004 and 2005:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2004 | |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Unrealized | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Estimated | |
|
|
Cost | |
|
Gains | |
|
Losses | |
|
Fair Value | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
December 31, 2004:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commercial paper
|
|
$ |
996,657 |
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
(617 |
) |
|
$ |
996,040 |
|
|
U.S. corporate debt securities
|
|
|
23,089,766 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(64,745 |
) |
|
|
23,025,021 |
|
|
U.S. government debt securities
|
|
|
2,188,357 |
|
|
|
35 |
|
|
|
(102 |
) |
|
|
2,188,290 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total short-term investments
|
|
$ |
26,274,780 |
|
|
$ |
35 |
|
|
$ |
(65,464 |
) |
|
$ |
26,209,351 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Unrealized | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Estimated | |
|
|
Cost | |
|
Gains |
|
Losses | |
|
Fair Value | |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
| |
December 31, 2005:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commercial paper
|
|
$ |
1,497,124 |
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
1,497,124 |
|
|
U.S. corporate debt securities
|
|
|
25,412,530 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(33,972 |
) |
|
|
25,378,558 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total short-term investments
|
|
$ |
26,909,654 |
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
(33,972 |
) |
|
$ |
26,875,682 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All investments on the balance sheet at December 31, 2005
mature in 2006.
|
|
(d) |
Depreciation and Amortization |
Depreciation and amortization are computed using the
straight-line method based on the shorter of the estimated
useful life of the related asset, or the lease term after
considering renewals, as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
Lab leasehold improvements
|
|
|
7 years |
|
Computer equipment and software
|
|
|
3 years |
|
Furniture, fixtures and lab equipment
|
|
|
3 to 7 years |
|
Leasehold improvements
|
|
|
7 years |
|
Depreciation and amortization expense was $1,553,029,
$1,437,444, $1,466,131, and $6,325,046 for the years ended
December 31, 2003, 2004, and 2005, and the period from
March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31, 2005,
respectively.
|
|
(e) |
Concentration of Credit Risk |
The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet risk or credit
risk concentrations. The Company maintains its cash, cash
equivalents and short-term investments with various established
financial institutions. The Company invests its excess funds
primarily in government bonds and A rated, or
better, corporate bonds.
F-10
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
The Company has several operating leases for office space and
office equipment. Under the terms of the office building lease,
the Company was entitled to $166,000 of lease incentives as a
reimbursement for leasehold improvements. In addition, four
months of lease incentives totaling $125,000 were included in
the initial lease terms. Two months of lease incentives were
taken at the beginning of the lease in 2004 and two will be
taken at the end of the lease in 2009, The remaining rent due on
the lease, after incentives, is spread evenly over the lease
period and recorded as rent expense. The difference between the
actual cash paid and the rent expense is recorded as deferred
rent.
Revenues represent grant proceeds and income from a
collaboration agreement. The Company records deferred revenue
for amounts received upfront under collaboration agreements in
which they have continuing involvement, and the Company
recognizes such deferred amounts as revenue ratably over the
estimated contract performance period. Such revenue recognition
may be accelerated in the event of contract termination prior to
completion of the expected performance period. Milestone fees
are recorded as revenue when the milestone event is achieved.
Grant revenues are recognized as the cash is received or when
the related preclinical, clinical or regulatory milestones are
met.
|
|
(h) |
Research and Development Costs |
Research and development expenses include the clinical
development costs associated with the Companys product
development programs and research and development costs
associated with the Companys discovery programs. These
expenses include internal research and developments costs and
the costs of research and development conducted on behalf of the
Company by third parties, including sponsored university-based
research agreements and clinical study vendors. All research and
development costs are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred in
obtaining technology licenses are charged immediately to
research and development expense if the technology licensed has
not reached technological feasibility and has no alternative
future uses. For the years ended December 31, 2003, 2004,
and 2005, and the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2005, the Company recorded
in-process research and development charges of $1,608,000,
$193,167, $140,247, and $1,941,414, respectively, related to a
license agreement (see note 9).
|
|
(i) |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments |
Cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts
payable are reflected in the accompanying financial statements
at fair value due to the short-term nature of those instruments.
The carrying amounts of the Companys debt obligations
approximate their fair values as of each of the balance sheet
dates based upon the interest rates on recent borrowings.
|
|
(j) |
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets |
The Company assesses the recoverability of long-lived assets by
determining whether the carrying value of such assets can be
recovered through the sum of the undiscounted future operating
cash flows and cash flows from the eventual disposition of the
asset. If impairment is indicated, the Company measures the
amount of such impairment by comparing the carrying value of the
assets to the fair value of these assets, generally determined
based on the present value of the expected future cash flows
associated with the assets. Although current and historical
negative cash flows are indicators of impairment, management
believes the future cash flows to be received from the
long-lived assets and the ultimate success of the Companys
research
F-11
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
programs will exceed the assets carrying value, and
accordingly, the Company has not recognized any impairment
losses through December 31, 2005.
|
|
(k) |
Stock-Based Compensation |
The Company has elected to account for its employee stock-based
compensation plans following Accounting Principles Board
(APB) Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued
to Employees, and related interpretations rather than the
alternative fair value accounting provided under Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123,
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation (see note 8).
The Company has adopted the disclosure provisions of
SFAS No. 123, as amended by SFAS No. 148,
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation Transition and
Disclosure. The following table illustrates the effect on
the net loss if the fair-value-based method had been applied to
all outstanding and unvested awards in each period.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Period from | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
March 31, | |
|
|
|
|
1998 | |
|
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
(inception) to | |
|
|
| |
|
December 31, | |
|
|
2003 | |
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Net loss allocable to common stockholders, as reported
|
|
$ |
(21,437,606 |
) |
|
$ |
(23,641,527 |
) |
|
$ |
(22,907,732 |
) |
|
$ |
(92,144,346 |
) |
Deduct total stock-based employee compensation expense
determined under fair-value-based method for all awards
|
|
|
(33,656 |
) |
|
|
(25,603 |
) |
|
|
(464,570 |
) |
|
|
(594,563 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pro forma net loss allocable to common stockholders
|
|
$ |
(21,471,262 |
) |
|
$ |
(23,667,130 |
) |
|
$ |
(23,372,302 |
) |
|
$ |
(92,738,909 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic and diluted net loss per share allocable to common
stockholders, as reported
|
|
$ |
(315,259 |
) |
|
$ |
(347,670 |
) |
|
$ |
(9,925 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pro forma basic and diluted loss per share allocable to common
stockholders
|
|
$ |
(315,754 |
) |
|
$ |
(348,046 |
) |
|
$ |
(10,127 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Company has computed the pro forma disclosures required
under SFAS No. 123 using the Black-Scholes
option-pricing model prescribed by SFAS No. 123. There
were 2,106,803 options granted in 2005. The weighted average
fair value of options granted during 2003 and 2005 is $0.04 per
share and $0.31 per share, respectively. There were no
stock option grants in 2004. The fair value of each option grant
in 2003 and 2005 was estimated on the date of grant with the
following assumptions:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
Risk-free interest rate
|
|
|
2.53 |
% |
|
|
3.62 |
% |
Expected life
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
Dividend yield
|
|
|
0 |
% |
|
|
0 |
% |
Expected volatility
|
|
|
0 |
% |
|
|
0 |
% |
F-12
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and
liability method in accordance with SFAS No. 109,
Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and
liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences
attributable to differences between the financial statement
carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their
respective tax bases and operating loss rates expected to apply
to taxable income in the years in which those temporary
differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect
on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates
is recognized in the statement of operations in the period that
includes the enactment date.
|
|
(m) |
Recently Issued Accounting Standards |
In December 2004, the Financial Accounting Standards Board
(FASB) issued SFAS No. 123(R), Share-Based
Payment. SFAS No. 123(R) supersedes
SFAS No. 123, APB Opinion No. 25 and its related
implementation guidance. SFAS No. 123(R) will require
compensation costs related to share-based payment transactions
to be recognized in the financial statements. The amount of
compensation cost will be measured based on the grant-date fair
value of the equity or liability instruments issued.
Compensation cost will be recognized over the period that an
employee provides service in exchange for the award.
SFAS No. 123(R) is effective as of the beginning of
the first interim or annual reporting period that begins after
December 15, 2005. The Company has not yet determined the
impact that implementing SFAS No. 123(R) will have on
the Companys results of operations or financial condition.
In June 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154,
Accounting Changes and Error Corrections. This statement
requires that a voluntary change in accounting principle be
applied retrospectively with all prior period financial
statements presented on the basis of the new accounting
principle, unless it is impracticable to do so.
SFAS No. 154 also provides that (1) a change in
method of depreciating or amortizing a long-lived nonfinancial
asset be accounted for as a change in estimate
(prospectively) that was effected by a change in accounting
principle, and (2) correction of errors in previously
issued financial statements should be termed a
restatement. The new standard is effective for
accounting changes and correction of errors made in fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2005. Early adoption of this
standard is permitted for accounting changes and correction of
errors made in fiscal years beginning after June 1, 2005.
The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this
statement will have a material impact on the Companys
results of operation or financial condition.
In November 2005, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position
FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1, The Meaning of
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and Its Application to Certain
Investments (FSP). The FSP addresses the determination as to
when an investment is considered impaired, whether that
impairment is other than temporary and the measurement of an
impairment loss. The FSP also includes accounting considerations
subsequent to the recognition of an other-than-temporary
impairment and requires certain disclosures about unrealized
losses that have not been recognized as other-than-temporary
impairments. The guidance in the FSP is required to be applied
to reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2005. The
Company will adopt the provisions of this FSP in 2006 and does
not currently believe that implementation will have a material
effect on the results of the Companys operations or
financial condition.
The Company is managed and operated as one business. The Company
is managed by a single management team that reports to the chief
executive officer. The Company does not operate separate lines
of business or separate business entities with respect to any of
its product candidates. Accordingly, the Company does not
prepare discrete financial information with respect to separate
product areas, or by location, and does not have separately
reportable segments.
F-13
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
During the year ended December 31, 2002, the Company
restated its 2001 financial statements to properly account for
its investments. The Company previously reported its investments
at cost instead of amortized cost. The restatement resulted in a
decrease to interest income and an increase in net loss and
deficit accumulated during the development stage of $275,452.
Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2003 and 2004
financial statements and the financials statements for the
period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to
December 31, 2005 to conform to the 2005 presentation.
Advertising costs are charged to expense as incurred.
Patent costs are charged to expense as incurred.
Net loss per share is computed in accordance with
SFAS No. 128, Earnings per Share, by dividing
the net loss allocable to common stockholders by the weighted
average number of shares of common stock outstanding.
As of December 31, 2005, the Company has outstanding
certain options, warrants and convertible preferred stock (see
notes 7 and 8), which have not been used in the calculation
of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be
anti-dilutive. Anti-dilutive instruments totaled approximately
7,991,000, 10,112,000, and 15,847,000 at December 31, 2003,
2004, and 2005, respectively. As such, the numerator and the
denominator used in computing both basic and diluted net loss
per share allocable to common stockholders are equal.
|
|
(t) |
Pro Forma Net Loss per Share (Unaudited) |
The following pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share
allocable to common stockholders and shares used in computing
pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share allocable to
common stockholders have been presented reflecting the assumed
automatic conversion into shares of common stock of the
convertible
F-14
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
preferred stock upon completion of the planned initial public
offering (the Offering) (see note 7), using the if
converted method from their respective dates of issuance:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended | |
|
|
December 31, | |
|
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
|
(unaudited) | |
Net loss allocable to common stockholders
|
|
$ |
(22,907,732 |
) |
|
|
|
|
Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted net
loss per share
|
|
|
2,308 |
|
|
|
|
|
Basic and diluted net loss per common share
|
|
$ |
(9,925 |
) |
|
|
|
|
Pro forma (unaudited):
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares used above
|
|
|
2,308 |
|
|
Pro forma adjustment to reflect weighted effect of assumed
conversion of convertible preferred stock
|
|
|
10,829,326 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares used in computing pro forma basic and diluted net loss
per common share
|
|
|
10,831,634 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per common share (unaudited)
|
|
$ |
(2.11 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(u) |
Pro Forma Balance Sheet (Unaudited) |
Upon the closing of the Offering, all of the outstanding shares
of convertible preferred stock as of December 31, 2005 will
automatically convert into 13,504,722 shares of common
stock (see note 7). The December 31, 2005 unaudited
pro forma balance sheet has been prepared assuming the automatic
conversion of the convertible preferred stock outstanding as of
December 31, 2005 into common stock.
The effective tax rate varies from the U.S. federal
statutory tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2003,
2004, and 2005 principally due to the following:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003 | |
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
Amount | |
|
% | |
|
Amount | |
|
% | |
|
Amount | |
|
% | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
U.S. Federal statutory tax
|
|
$ |
(7,288,786 |
) |
|
|
(34.0 |
)% |
|
$ |
(8,191,385 |
) |
|
|
(34.0 |
)% |
|
$ |
(7,951,433 |
) |
|
|
(34.0 |
)% |
Add (deduct):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sale of state net operating losses
|
|
|
(235,142 |
) |
|
|
(1.1 |
) |
|
|
(450,781 |
) |
|
|
(1.9 |
) |
|
|
(478,837 |
) |
|
|
(2.0 |
) |
|
State tax benefit on deferred taxes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(2,817,428 |
) |
|
|
(11.7 |
) |
|
|
(2,895,164 |
) |
|
|
(12.4 |
) |
|
Federal research and development credits
|
|
|
(782,985 |
) |
|
|
(3.7 |
) |
|
|
(910,000 |
) |
|
|
(3.8 |
) |
|
|
(1,119,567 |
) |
|
|
(4.8 |
) |
|
Change in valuation allowance
|
|
|
8,060,518 |
|
|
|
37.6 |
|
|
|
11,903,786 |
|
|
|
49.4 |
|
|
|
11,927,854 |
|
|
|
51.0 |
|
|
Other net
|
|
|
11,253 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
15,027 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
38,310 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tax benefit
|
|
$ |
(235,142 |
) |
|
|
(1.1 |
)% |
|
$ |
(450,781 |
) |
|
|
(1.9 |
)% |
|
$ |
(478,837 |
) |
|
|
(2.0 |
)% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F-15
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
The components of the Companys deferred tax assets and
liabilities at December 31, 2004 and 2005 are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
Deferred tax assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization
|
|
$ |
197,739 |
|
|
$ |
185,447 |
|
|
Accruals
|
|
|
86,416 |
|
|
|
186,250 |
|
|
Federal tax credits
|
|
|
2,592,037 |
|
|
|
3,711,604 |
|
|
State tax credits
|
|
|
1,959,903 |
|
|
|
2,825,245 |
|
|
Federal net operating losses
|
|
|
15,399,753 |
|
|
|
18,178,386 |
|
|
State net operating losses
|
|
|
3,874,728 |
|
|
|
4,554,412 |
|
|
Capitalized research and development costs
|
|
|
9,541,084 |
|
|
|
15,625,393 |
|
|
Other
|
|
|
125,317 |
|
|
|
217,901 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33,776,977 |
|
|
|
45,484,638 |
|
|
Valuation allowance
|
|
|
(33,522,215 |
) |
|
|
(45,450,069 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
|
254,762 |
|
|
|
34,569 |
|
Deferred tax liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Depreciation
|
|
|
(254,762 |
) |
|
|
(34,569 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
|
(254,762 |
) |
|
|
(34,569 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net deferred tax asset
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The increase in the valuation allowance during the years ended
December 31, 2003, 2004, and 2005 was approximately
$8,061,000, $11,904,000, and $11,928,000, respectively. At
December 31, 2004 and 2005, the Company had recorded a full
valuation allowance against its net deferred tax asset of
approximately $33,522,000 and $45,450,000, respectively, as
management believes it cannot at this time conclude that it is
more likely than not they will be realized.
As of December 31, 2004 and 2005, the Company has
approximately $44,763,000 and $52,536,000, respectively, of
federal net operating loss carryforwards, and $41,914,000 and
$49,687,000, respectively, of state net operating loss
carryforwards. As of December 31, 2005, credit
carryforwards for federal and state purposes are $3,712,000 and
$2,825,000, respectively. The federal net operating loss
carryforwards expire beginning in 2018, while the federal credit
carryforwards expire beginning in 2013. Both are subject to
review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service.
State net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2009
and the state credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2015. The
Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that may limit
the net operating loss and credit carryforwards available to be
used in any given year given certain historical changes in the
ownership interests of significant stockholders.
During the years ended December 31, 2003, 2004, and 2005,
the Company sold $271,841, $521,134, and $547,242, respectively,
of New Jersey state net operating loss carryforwards to a
third-party. Accordingly, the Company recorded income tax
benefits and received cash for the years ended December 31,
2003, 2004 and 2005 in the amount of $235,142, $450,781, and
$478,837, respectively.
F-16
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
Fixed assets, net were as follows at December 31, 2004 and
2005:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
Lab leasehold improvements
|
|
$ |
1,763,281 |
|
|
$ |
1,763,281 |
|
Computer equipment and software
|
|
|
1,629,726 |
|
|
|
1,766,827 |
|
Furniture and fixtures and lab equipment
|
|
|
5,603,508 |
|
|
|
6,190,666 |
|
Leasehold improvements
|
|
|
802,785 |
|
|
|
1,011,723 |
|
Construction in progress
|
|
|
249,733 |
|
|
|
279,092 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,049,033 |
|
|
|
11,011,589 |
|
Less accumulated depreciation
|
|
|
(4,843,672 |
) |
|
|
(6,309,803 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
5,205,361 |
|
|
$ |
4,701,786 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accrued expenses at December 31, 2004 and 2005 consist of
the following:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004 | |
|
2005 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
Employee compensation, benefits, and related accruals
|
|
$ |
832,070 |
|
|
$ |
1,113,030 |
|
Consulting and contracted research
|
|
|
390,299 |
|
|
|
710,028 |
|
Professional fees
|
|
|
175,727 |
|
|
|
607,387 |
|
Other
|
|
|
102,779 |
|
|
|
279,921 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
1,500,875 |
|
|
$ |
2,710,366 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In March 2001, the Company entered into a $1,300,000 equipment
facility agreement with a bank. The equipment facility bore
interest at a fixed rate of 7.65%. Borrowings under this line
were collateralized by certain of the Companys business
assets. Under this agreement, the Company recorded interest
expense of $30,482, $2,515, and $150,882 for the years ended
December 31, 2003 and 2004 and the period from
March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31, 2005,
respectively. This equipment facility matured on April 1,
2004.
In January 2002, the Company entered into an equipment line of
credit with a lending institution. In accordance with the line
of credit, the Company entered into a series of promissory notes
in the aggregate amount of $4,824,414, which were collateralized
by certain of the Companys fixed assets. These promissory
notes carried fixed interest rates ranging from 9.51% to 9.83%.
The Company recorded interest expense of $327,201, $171,885,
$29,427, and $721,316 for the years ended December 31,
2003, 2004, and 2005, and the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2005, respectively, related to
these promissory notes. In connection with the promissory notes,
in 2002 the Company issued warrants to purchase
59,378 shares of the Companys common stock (see
note 7). At the time of issuance, the fair value of the
warrants was determined to be immaterial. The notes matured in
2005.
In June 2004, the Company entered into an equipment line of
credit with a lending institution. In accordance with the line
of credit, the Company entered into two promissory notes in 2004
for an aggregate amount of $317,080 and four promissory notes in
the aggregate amount of $1,366,678 in 2005, all of which are
collateralized by certain of the Companys fixed assets.
These promissory notes carry fixed interest rates
F-17
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
ranging from 9.55% to 10.30% and are payable in fixed monthly
installments. The Company recorded interest expense of $9,745,
$111,220, and $120,965 for the years ended December 31,
2004 and 2005, and the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2005, respectively, related to
these promissory notes.
Short-term borrowings in 2004 included outstanding checks that
were reclassified to accounts payable on the balance sheet at
December 31, 2004.
Long-term debt maturities as of December 31, 2005 are as
follows:
|
|
|
|
|
2006
|
|
$ |
477,808 |
|
2007
|
|
|
512,712 |
|
2008
|
|
|
261,122 |
|
2009
|
|
|
30,639 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
1,282,281 |
|
|
|
|
|
(a) Reverse
Stock Split
In conjunction with the Series E financing, the Company
effected a 30,000-for-1
reverse stock split of the common stock in 2004. As a result,
the Companys issued and outstanding stock was reduced from
2,137,564 to 68 shares. The par value of the common stock
was not affected by the reverse stock split and remains at
$0.001 per share. Consequently, the aggregate par value of
the issued common stock was reduced by reclassifying the par
value amount of the eliminated shares of common stock to
additional paid-in capital. Outstanding shares have been
retroactively restated in the financial statements and in the
notes to financial statements for all periods presented to
reflect the reverse stock split.
(b) Founders
Common Stock
During 1998, the Company issued 59 shares of common stock
to the two founders of the Company for consideration
representing the fair market value of the shares. The Company
also issued two shares of common stock to a university in
exchange for an exclusive license. The license agreement had
antidilution provisions. Under this provision, the Company
issued an additional one share to the university during 2000
(see note 9).
The holders of the common stock are entitled to elect two
members of the Board of Directors.
(c) Convertible
Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2005, the Company has authorized for
issuance up to 153,407,582 shares of preferred stock,
$0.001 par value. The authorized shares have been
designated as follows: 750,000 shares of Series A
convertible preferred stock (Series A), 187,500 shares
of Series B convertible preferred stock (Series B),
6,295,000 shares of Series C convertible preferred
stock (Series C), 13,800,000 shares of Series D
convertible preferred stock (Series D),
128,242,850 shares of Series E convertible preferred
stock (Series E), and 4,132,232 of
Series E-2
convertible preferred stock
(Series E-2).
The rights and preferences of the Series A, Series B,
Series C, Series D, Series E, and
Series E-2 are as
follows:
Conversion On a post-reverse-split basis, each
share of Series A, Series B, Series C,
Series D, Series E, and Series E-2 stock is
convertible at the option of the holder into such number of
shares of common stock as is determined by applying a factor to
the outstanding shares of approximately 0.0833, 0.1333, 0.1389,
0.1548,
F-18
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
0.0548, and 1.00 for the Series A, Series B,
Series C, Series D, Series E, and
Series E-2,
respectively. These conversion factors are subject to adjustment
in the event the Company engages in specified dilutive issuances
of equity securities at prices below the applicable conversion
factor, or if the Company engages in specified changes to its
capitalization, such as stock splits or stock dividends. Prior
to the issuance of Series E, each share of preferred stock
was convertible into one share of common stock. The conversion
becomes automatic upon the closing of an initial public offering
in which not less than $50,000,000 of net proceeds shall be
received by the Company, at a price per share for common stock
that is at least equal to two times the
Series E-2 price
of $7.26 per share.
Voting Each preferred shareholder is entitled to
the number of votes per share as if the preferred shares were
converted to common stock. Additionally, the holders of the
preferred stock, voting as a single class, are entitled to elect
four members of the Board of Directors.
Liquidation Upon the liquidation, dissolution or
winding-up of the
Company, holders of preferred stock will be entitled to receive,
before any distribution or payment is made on the common stock,
an amount equal to $1.00 per share for Series A,
$2.00 per share for Series B, $2.50 per share for
Series C, $3.25 per share for Series D,
$0.397644 per share for Series E, and $7.26 per
share for Series E-2, plus all declared, but unpaid,
dividends. As of December 31, 2005, the aggregate
liquidation preference is $750,000, $375,000, $15,000,000,
$42,561,249, $49,999,998, and $26,645,187 for the Series A,
Series B, Series C, Series D, Series E, and
Series E-2 stock, respectively. The Company has never
declared any dividends.
In 2000, the Company issued warrants to
purchase 295,000 shares of Series C stock for
services rendered in connection with the Series C
financing. The warrants vested immediately and have an exercise
price of $2.50 per share. The warrants expire in 2010. At
the date of grant, the fair value of the warrants was
approximately $38,000.
In 2001, the Company issued a warrant to purchase one share of
the Companys common stock for services rendered by a
consultant. The warrant vested immediately and had an exercise
price of $75,000. The fair market value of the warrant was
immaterial. The warrant expired in 2005.
In 2001, the Company issued warrants to
purchase 614,788 shares of Series D stock for
services rendered in connection with the Series D
financing. The warrants vested immediately and have an exercise
price of $3.25 per share. The warrants expire in 2011. At
the date of grant, the fair value of the warrants was
approximately $37,000.
In 2002, the Company issued warrants (with antidilution
protection) to purchase shares of the Companys common
stock in connection with a debt financing (see note 6). The
warrants vested immediately, and expire in 2009. In connection
with the Series E financing in 2004, the Company and
warrant holder agreed to cancel the existing common stock
warrants and to replace them with Series D stock warrants
to purchase 59,378 shares of Series D stock at $3.25
per share. At the date of grant, the fair value of the warrants
was $5,000.
In 2003, the Company issued warrants (with antidilution
protection) to purchase shares of common stock in connection
with the termination of a collaboration agreement and
acquisition of the related intangibles (see note 9). Based
on adjustments to the conversion price resulting from the
Series E financing and accounting for the subsequent
reverse stock split, the warrants are exercisable for
77,380 shares of common stock as of December 31, 2005.
The warrants vest upon the achievement of certain clinical
milestones, the first of which was met in 2004 and a second
milestone was met in 2005. As a result, on a split adjusted
basis, warrants to purchase 38,690 and 23,214 shares
of common stock vested, with related charges of $193,167,
$140,247, and
F-19
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
$333,414 for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2005,
and the period from March 31, 1998 (inception) to
December 31, 2005, respectively.
In 2004, the Company issued warrants to
purchase 994,415 shares of Series E preferred
stock for services rendered in connection with the Series E
financing. The warrants immediately vested with an exercise
price of $0.3976 per share. At the date of grant, the fair
value of the warrants was $395,000.
Unless otherwise noted, all warrants are outstanding as of
December 31, 2005.
During 1998, the Company established the 1998 Stock Option Plan
(the 1998 Plan), which provides for the granting of incentive
stock options and nonqualified stock options. In 2005, the Board
of Directors approved an additional 400,000 shares for
grant under this plan. As of December 31, 2005, 254,168
options were available for grant. The Board of Directors has the
authority to select the employees and nonemployees to whom
options are granted and determine the terms of each option,
including (i) the number of shares of common stock subject
to the option; (ii) the date on which the option becomes
exercisable; (iii) the option exercise price, which, in the
case of incentive stock options, must be at least 100% (110% in
the case of incentive stock options granted to a stockholder
owning in excess of 10% of the Companys stock) of the fair
market value of the common stock as of the date of grant; and
(iv) the duration of the option (which, in the case of
incentive stock options, may not exceed ten years). Options
typically vest over a three- or four-year period. The options
granted under the 1998 Plan expire no later than ten years from
the date of grant.
A summary of stock option activity to employees and nonemployees
is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average | |
|
|
Number of | |
|
Exercise | |
|
Exercise | |
|
|
Shares | |
|
Price | |
|
Price | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Outstanding at March 31, 1998 (inception)
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
Granted
|
|
|
88 |
|
|
|
3,000-9,900 |
|
|
|
8,225.00 |
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
(7 |
) |
|
|
6,000-7,500 |
|
|
|
6,005.00 |
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
|
(12 |
) |
|
|
6,000-9,900 |
|
|
|
6,809.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2002
|
|
|
69 |
|
|
|
3,000-9,900 |
|
|
|
8,692.00 |
|
|
Granted
|
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
9,900 |
|
|
|
9,900.00 |
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
|
(1 |
) |
|
|
9,900 |
|
|
|
9,900.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2003
|
|
|
93 |
|
|
|
3,000-9,900 |
|
|
|
9,010.25 |
|
|
Granted
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2004
|
|
|
93 |
|
|
|
3,000-9,900 |
|
|
|
9,010.25 |
|
|
Granted
|
|
|
2,106,803 |
|
|
|
1.89 |
|
|
|
1.89 |
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
(6,875 |
) |
|
|
1.89 |
|
|
|
1.89 |
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
|
(35,063 |
) |
|
|
1.89-9,900 |
|
|
|
3.04 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2005
|
|
|
2,064,958 |
|
|
|
1.89-9,900 |
|
|
|
2.28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercisable at December 31, 2005
|
|
|
1,379,159 |
|
|
$ |
1.89-9,900 |
|
|
$ |
2.42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F-20
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted | |
|
Average | |
|
|
|
Weighted | |
|
|
Number of | |
|
Average | |
|
Remaining | |
|
Number of | |
|
Average | |
Exercise |
|
Options | |
|
Exercise | |
|
Contractual | |
|
Options | |
|
Exercise | |
Price Range |
|
Outstanding | |
|
Price | |
|
Life in Years | |
|
Exercisable | |
|
Price | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
$3,000-9,900
|
|
|
89 |
|
|
$ |
8,145.65 |
|
|
|
6.21 |
|
|
|
81 |
|
|
$ |
8,910.14 |
|
1.89
|
|
|
2,064,869 |
|
|
|
1.89 |
|
|
|
8.91 |
|
|
|
1,379,078 |
|
|
|
1.89 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,064,958 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,379,159 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Company issued common stock options in connection with the
Companys stock plans to nonemployees. The Company
recognized compensation expense related to these options of
$10,917, $0, $0, and $109,692 for the years ended
December 31, 2003, 2004, and 2005, and the period from
March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31, 2005,
respectively. Included in the above tables are fractional shares
outstanding as a result of the
30,000-for-1 reverse
stock split.
|
|
(9) |
Commitments and Contingencies |
(a) Amgen SF, LLC
(formerly Tularik, Inc.) Collaboration Agreement
In 1998, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with
Amgen SF, LLC (Amgen) to develop and market novel therapeutic
products based on compounds identified from an established
cooperative research relationship between the two parties. This
research was being directed by the research management
committee, which consists of representatives from both parties.
Under this agreement, Amgen agreed to pay milestone payments
upon the occurrence of certain events, as defined in the
agreement.
In 2003, the Company received shareholder consent to terminate
the existing collaboration agreement with Amgen and enter into a
new license agreement. Under the terms of the license agreement,
the Company received rights in the nonsense suppression field to
specific compounds and intellectual property generated under the
prior collaboration agreement. In exchange for these rights, the
Company issued Amgen 800,000 shares of Series D stock
and warrants for shares of common stock (see note 7). The
preferred shares were 100% vested upon issuance and the warrants
vest based on certain clinical milestones. The warrants will be
valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the
Company will record a noncash expense upon achievement of the
milestones. The value of the Series D stock issued in
connection with the agreement was determined by the
Companys management. In 2004, the Company recorded a
noncash in-process research and development charge of $193,167,
in conjunction with the vesting of a portion of the warrants
based upon the achievement of the first clinical milestone. The
amount was immediately expensed due to the preclinical status of
the related compounds and intellectual property rights acquired.
In 2005, the Company recorded a noncash in-process research and
development charge of $140,247 upon the achievement of the
second clinical milestone. Based on adjustments to the
conversion price resulting from the Series E financing and
accounting for the subsequent reverse stock split, the net
number of vested shares underlying these milestones was 38,690
and 61,904 at December 31, 2004 and 2005, respectively.
|
|
|
(b) University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey Research, Option and License Agreement |
In 1998, the Company entered into a Research, Option and License
Agreement (the Agreement) with the University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey (the University) that gives the Company
the exclusive right to develop and commercialize products
covered by certain licensed technology. As partial consideration
for the licenses, the Company issued 4% (two shares with par
value of $0.001) of its common stock to the University in 1998.
The fair market value of the shares issued was charged to
expense due to the uncertainty of the future uses of the
technology. In 2000, the Company issued an additional share to
the University to ensure that its ownership interest in the
Company continued to comprise 4% of the outstanding
F-21
PTC THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(A Development-Stage Company)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
capital stock on a fully diluted basis until a total of
$2,000,000 was raised by the Company, as required by the
Agreement. The Agreement requires the Company to remit royalty
payments on the sale of products, if any covered by the licensed
technology. If products are sold by third parties through
sublicensing agreements, then the Company is obligated to remit
a portion of the sublicensing income related to the licensed
technology to the University.
|
|
(c) |
Consulting Agreements |
The Company has signed various consulting agreements with
individuals for services to be provided through 2006.
The Company leases office space under a noncancelable operating
lease through July 2009. Rent expense was $246,942, $180,715,
$319,088 and $1,169,582 for the years ended December 31,
2003, 2004 and 2005, and the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2005, respectively. The
Company also leases certain office equipment under operating
leases. Future minimum lease payments as of December 31,
2005 are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
2006
|
|
$ |
383,688 |
|
2007
|
|
|
393,763 |
|
2008
|
|
|
391,302 |
|
2009
|
|
|
169,688 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
1,338,441 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(e) Related-Party Transactions |
The Company issued a loan in the amount of $50,000 in 2003 in
connection with the hiring of an executive. This executive was
entitled to two additional loans of $50,000 each to be issued
upon the one- and two-year anniversary date of the first
issuance. The Company agreed to forgive payment of the loans
upon the one-year anniversary date of each of the loan issuances
assuming the executive is still an employee of the Company.
Principal and interest were forgiven under this loan upon the
one-year anniversary date of issuance. A second loan in the
amount of $50,000 was made in 2004 and, along with interest,
forgiven upon the executives two-year anniversary in 2005.
A final loan in the amount of $50,000 was made in August 2005.
This loan was forgiven on March 29, 2006. As of
December 31, 2005, the loan is included in prepaid expenses
and other current assets on the accompanying balance sheet.
The Company maintains 401(k) plans for its employees. Employee
contributions are voluntary. The Company may match employee
contributions in amounts to be determined at the Companys
sole discretion. No contributions have been made by the Company
from March 31, 1998 (inception) to December 31,
2005.
F-22
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
|
|
Item 13. |
Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution |
The following table indicates the expenses to be incurred in
connection with the offering described in this Registration
Statement, other than underwriting discounts and commissions,
all of which will be paid by the Registrant. All amounts are
estimated except the Securities and Exchange Commission
registration fee and the National Association of Securities
Dealers Inc. filing fee.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amount | |
|
|
| |
Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee
|
|
$ |
9,229 |
|
National Association of Securities Dealers Inc. fee
|
|
|
9,125 |
|
Nasdaq Stock Market listing fee
|
|
|
* |
|
Accountants fees and expenses
|
|
|
* |
|
Legal fees and expenses
|
|
|
* |
|
Blue Sky fees and expenses
|
|
|
* |
|
Transfer Agents fees and expenses
|
|
|
* |
|
Printing and engraving expenses
|
|
|
* |
|
Miscellaneous
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total expenses
|
|
$ |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
To be filed by amendment. |
|
|
Item 14. |
Indemnification of Directors and Officers |
Section 102 of the General Corporation Law of the State of
Delaware permits a corporation to eliminate the personal
liability of directors of a corporation to the corporation or
its stockholders for monetary damages for a breach of fiduciary
duty as a director, except where the director breached his or
her duty of loyalty, failed to act in good faith, engaged in
intentional misconduct or knowingly violated a law, authorized
the payment of a dividend or approved a stock repurchase in
violation of Delaware corporate law or obtained an improper
personal benefit. The Registrants certificate of
incorporation provides that no director of the Registrant shall
be personally liable to it or its stockholders for monetary
damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as director,
notwithstanding any provision of law imposing such liability,
except to the extent that the General Corporation Law of the
State of Delaware prohibits the elimination or limitation of
liability of directors for breaches of fiduciary duty.
Section 145 of the General Corporation Law of the State of
Delaware provides that a corporation has the power to indemnify
a director, officer, employee, or agent of the corporation and
certain other persons serving at the request of the corporation
in related capacities against expenses (including
attorneys fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in
settlements actually and reasonably incurred by the person in
connection with an action, suit or proceeding to which he or she
is or is threatened to be made a party by reason of such
position, if such person acted in good faith and in a manner he
or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best
interests of the corporation, and, in any criminal action or
proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her
conduct was unlawful, except that, in the case of actions
brought by or in the right of the corporation, no
indemnification shall be made with respect to any claim, issue
or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be
liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the
Court of Chancery or other adjudicating court determines that,
despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all of the
circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably
entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of
Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.
The Registrants restated certificate of incorporation
provides that the Registrant will indemnify each person who was
or is a party or threatened to be made a party to any
threatened, pending or completed action,
II-1
suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the
Registrant) by reason of the fact that he or she is or was, or
has agreed to become, a director or officer of the Registrant,
or is or was serving, or has agreed to serve, at the
Registrants request as a director, officer, partner,
employee or trustee of, or in a similar capacity with, another
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other
enterprise, including any employee benefit plan, (all such
persons being referred to hereafter as an
Indemnitee), or by reason of any action alleged to
have been taken or omitted in such capacity or in any other
capacity while serving as a director, officer, partner, employee
or trustee against all expenses (including attorneys
fees), liabilities, loss, judgments, fines, ERISA taxes or
penalties and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably
incurred by or on behalf of Indemnitee in connection with such
action, suit or proceeding and any appeal therefrom, if such
Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner which Indemnitee
reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the
Registrants best interests, and, with respect to any
criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to
believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The Registrants
restated certificate of incorporation provides that the
Registrant will indemnify any Indemnitee who was or is a party
to or threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending
or completed action or suit by or in the right of the Registrant
to procure a judgment in the Registrants favor by reason
of the fact that the Indemnitee is or was, or has agreed to
become, a director or officer of the Registrant, or is or was
serving, or has agreed to serve, at the Registrants
request, as a director, officer, partner, employee or trustee of
or in a similar capacity with, another corporation, partnership,
joint venture, trust or other enterprise, (including any
employee benefit plan), or by reason of any action alleged to
have been taken or omitted in such capacity or in any other
capacity while serving as a director, officer, partner, employee
or trustee, against all expenses (including attorneys
fees) and, to the extent permitted by law, amounts paid in
settlement actually and reasonably incurred by or on behalf of
Indemnitee in connection with such action, suit or proceeding
and any appeal therefrom, if Indemnitee acted in good faith and
in a manner which Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in, or
not opposed to, the best interests of the Registrant, except
that no indemnification shall be made with respect to any claim,
issue or matter as to which Indemnitee shall have been adjudged
to be liable to the Registrant, unless, and only to the extent,
that the Court of Chancery of Delaware or the court in which
such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application
that, despite the adjudication of such liability but in view of
all the circumstances of the case, Indemnitee is fairly and
reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expense (including
attorneys fees) which the Court of Chancery of Delaware or
such other court shall deem proper. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, to the extent that an Indemnitee has been successful,
on the merits or otherwise, in defense of any action, suit or
proceeding, Indemnitee shall be indemnified by the Registrant
against all expenses (including attorneys fees) actually
and reasonably incurred in connection therewith. Expenses must
be advanced to an Indemnitee under certain circumstances.
The Registrant maintains a general liability insurance policy
that covers certain liabilities of the Registrants
directors and officers arising out of claims based on acts or
omissions in their capacities as directors or officers.
In any Underwriting Agreement that the Registrant enters into in
connection with the sale of common stock being registered
hereby, the underwriters will agree to indemnify, under certain
conditions, the Registrant, its directors, its officers and
persons who control the Registrant within the meaning of the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, against certain liabilities.
|
|
Item 15. |
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities |
Set forth below is information regarding shares of common stock
and preferred stock issued, and options and warrants granted, by
the Registrant within the past three years that were not
registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Also
included is the consideration, if any, received by the
Registrant for such shares, options and warrants and information
relating to the section of the Securities Act, or rule of the
Securities and Exchange Commission, under which exemption from
registration was claimed.
II-2
|
|
|
(a) Issuances of Securities |
|
|
|
1. In December 2003 and in April
and June 2004, the Registrant issued an aggregate of
125,740,607 shares of Series E convertible preferred
stock at a price of $.397644 per share, together with
warrants to purchase an aggregate of 994,415 shares of
Series E convertible preferred stock with an exercise price
of $.397644 per share to institutional investors, including
Credit Suisse Entities, HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd., Vulcan
Capital Venture Holdings Inc., Delphi Ventures Entities, Bay
City Capital Entities, Novo A/ S and Three Crowns Capital
(Bermuda) Ltd., for aggregate cash proceeds of approximately
$50.0 million. |
|
|
2. In September and October 2005,
the Registrant issued an aggregate of 3,670,138 shares of
Series E-2 convertible preferred stock at a price of
$7.26 per share to institutional investors, including
Credit Suisse Entities, HBM BioVentures (Cayman) Ltd., Vulcan
Capital Venture Holdings Inc., Delphi Ventures Entities, Bay
City Capital Entities and Novo A/ S, for aggregate cash proceeds
of approximately $26.6 million. |
|
|
3. In the first quarter of 2004, we
issued to General Electric Capital Corporation a warrant to
purchase 59,378 shares of our series D
convertible preferred stock in exchange for the cancellation of
a previously issued warrant to purchase shares of our common
stock. |
No underwriters were involved in the foregoing sales of
securities. The securities described in this
section (a) of Item 15 were issued to a
combination of foreign and U.S. investors in reliance upon
the exemption from the registration requirements of the
Securities Act, as set forth in Section 4(2) under the
Securities Act and Rule 506 of Regulation D
promulgated thereunder relative to sales by an issuer not
involving any public offering, to the extent an exemption from
such registration was required. All purchasers of shares of
convertible preferred stock described above represented to the
Registrant in connection with their purchase that they were
accredited investors and were acquiring the shares for
investment and not distribution, that they could bear the risks
of the investment and could hold the securities for an
indefinite period of time. The purchasers received written
disclosures that the securities had not been registered under
the Securities Act and that any resale must be made pursuant to
a registration statement or an available exemption from such
registration.
Since inception, the Registrant has issued options to certain
employees, consultants and others to purchase an aggregate of
2,389,011 shares of common stock as of March 15, 2006.
As of March 15, 2006, options to
purchase 11,828 shares of common stock had been
exercised, options to purchase 36,468 shares of common
stock had been forfeited and options to
purchase 2,340,715 shares of common stock remained
outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of
$2.40 per share.
The issuance of stock options and the common stock issuable upon
the exercise of such options as described in this
section (b) of Item 15 were issued pursuant to
written compensatory plans or arrangements with the
Registrants employees, directors and consultants, in
reliance on the exemption provided by Rule 701 promulgated
under the Securities Act. All recipients either received
adequate information about the Registrant or had access, through
employment or other relationships, to such information.
All of the foregoing securities are deemed restricted securities
for purposes of the Securities Act. All certificates
representing the issued shares of common stock described in this
Item 15 included appropriate legends setting forth that the
securities had not been registered and the applicable
restrictions on transfer.
II-3
|
|
Item 16. |
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules |
|
|
|
|
|
Exhibit |
|
|
Number |
|
Description |
|
|
|
|
1 |
.1* |
|
Form of Underwriting Agreement. |
|
3 |
.1** |
|
Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. |
|
3 |
.2* |
|
Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant
to be effective upon closing of the offering. |
|
3 |
.3** |
|
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. |
|
3 |
.4* |
|
Form of Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant to be
effective upon the closing of the offering. |
|
4 |
.1* |
|
Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing shares of common stock. |
|
4 |
.2** |
|
Fifth Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement, dated as
of September 21, 2005, by and among the Registrant and the
other parties named therein. |
|
4 |
.3** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series C Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated May 26, 2000, issued to Three Crowns
Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
4 |
.4** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock, dated March 15,
2001, issued to Silicon Valley Bank. |
|
4 |
.5** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series D Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated August 17, 2001, issued to Three
Crowns Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
4 |
.6** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series D Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated August 28, 2001, issued to Three
Crowns Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
4 |
.7** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series D Convertible
Preferred Stock issued to General Electric Capital Corporation. |
|
4 |
.8** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock, dated
December 6, 2002, issued to Tularik Inc. |
|
4 |
.9** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series E Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated December 19, 2003, issued to Three
Crowns Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
4 |
.10** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series E Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated April 21, 2004, issued Three Crowns
Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
5 |
.1* |
|
Opinion of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP. |
|
10 |
.1** |
|
Sixth Amended and Restated 1998 Employee, Director and
Consultant Stock Option Plan. |
|
10 |
.2* |
|
2006 Equity and Long Term Incentive Plan. |
|
10 |
.3* |
|
2006 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. |
|
10 |
.4┴** |
|
Research Collaboration and Exclusive Option Agreement, dated as
of December 1, 2005, by and between Bausch & Lomb
Incorporated and the Registrant. |
|
10 |
.5┴** |
|
Collaboration and License Agreement, dated as of March 17,
2006, by and between the Registrant and Essex Chemie AG, a
wholly owned subsidiary of Schering-Plough Corporation. |
|
10 |
.6* |
|
Employment Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2002, between
the Registrant and Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D. |
|
10 |
.7* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and William D. Ju, M.D. |
|
10 |
.8* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and Langdon Miller, M.D. |
|
10 |
.9* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and William Baird, III. |
|
10 |
.10* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and John Babiak, Ph.D. |
|
10 |
.11* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and Mark E. Boulding. |
|
10 |
.12** |
|
Lease Agreement, dated July 14, 2000, between the
Registrant and 46.24 Associates L.P., as amended. |
|
10 |
.13** |
|
Master Security Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2004,
between the Registrant and Oxford Finance Corporation. |
II-4
|
|
|
|
|
Exhibit |
|
|
Number |
|
Description |
|
|
|
|
10 |
.14** |
|
Form of Promissory Note issued to Oxford Finance Corporation. |
|
23 |
.1 |
|
Consent of KPMG LLP. |
|
23 |
.2* |
|
Consent of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP (included
in Exhibit 5.1). |
|
24 |
.1** |
|
Powers of Attorney (included on signature page). |
|
|
|
|
* |
To be filed by amendment. |
|
|
|
|
┴ |
Confidential treatment requested as to portions of the exhibit.
Confidential portions omitted and filed separately with the
Securities and Exchange Commission. |
|
|
|
(b) Financial Statement Schedules |
All schedules have been omitted because they are not required or
are not applicable or the required information is shown in the
financial statements or notes thereto.
(a) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to provide
to the underwriters at the closing specified in the Underwriting
Agreement, certificates in such denominations and registered in
such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt
delivery to each purchaser.
(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising
under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors,
officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to
the provisions described under Item 14 above, or otherwise,
the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the
Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is
against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is,
therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for
indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment
by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director,
officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the
successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is
asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in
connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant
will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been
settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of
appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such
indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in
the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such
issue.
(c) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that:
|
|
|
(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the
Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of
prospectus filed as part of this Registration Statement in
reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of
prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to
Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities
Act shall be deemed to be part of this Registration Statement as
of the time it was declared effective. |
|
|
(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the
Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that
contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new
registration statement relating to the securities offered
therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall
be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
II-5
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the
Registrant has duly caused this Amendment to the Registration
Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
thereunto duly authorized, in the City of South Plainfield, New
Jersey on the 4th day of May, 2006.
|
|
|
|
|
Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D. |
|
President and Chief Executive Officer |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this
Amendment to the Registration Statement has been signed by the
following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Signature |
|
Title |
|
Date |
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Stuart W. Peltz
Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D. |
|
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal
Executive Officer) |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
/s/ William
Baird, III
William Baird, III |
|
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting
Officer) |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
*
Michael Schmertzler |
|
Chairman of the Board of Directors |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
*
Harvey Berger, M.D. |
|
Director |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
*
Axel Bolte |
|
Director |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
*ø
Søren Carlsen, Ph.D. |
|
Director |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
*
Carl Goldfischer, M.D. |
|
Director |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
*
Allan Jacobson, Ph.D. |
|
Director |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
*
Michael Kranda |
|
Director |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
*
David P. Southwell |
|
Director |
|
May 4, 2006 |
|
|
*By: |
|
/s/ William Baird, III
William
Baird, III
Attorney-in-Fact |
|
|
|
|
II-6
EXHIBIT INDEX
|
|
|
|
|
Exhibit |
|
|
Number |
|
Description |
|
|
|
|
1 |
.1* |
|
Form of Underwriting Agreement. |
|
3 |
.1** |
|
Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. |
|
3 |
.2* |
|
Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant
to be effective upon closing of the offering. |
|
3 |
.3** |
|
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. |
|
3 |
.4* |
|
Form of Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant to be
effective upon the closing of the offering. |
|
4 |
.1* |
|
Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing shares of common stock. |
|
4 |
.2** |
|
Fifth Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement, dated as
of September 21, 2005, by and among the Registrant and the
other parties named therein. |
|
4 |
.3** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series C Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated May 26, 2000, issued to Three Crowns
Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
4 |
.4** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock, dated March 15,
2001, issued to Silicon Valley Bank. |
|
4 |
.5** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series D Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated August 17, 2001, issued to Three
Crowns Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
4 |
.6** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series D Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated August 28, 2001, issued to Three
Crowns Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
4 |
.7** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series D Convertible
Preferred Stock issued to General Electric Capital Corporation. |
|
4 |
.8** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock, dated
December 6, 2002, issued to Tularik Inc. |
|
4 |
.9** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series E Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated December 19, 2003, issued to Three
Crowns Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
4 |
.10** |
|
Warrant to Purchase Shares of Series E Convertible
Preferred Stock, dated April 21, 2004, issued Three Crowns
Capital (Bermuda) Ltd. |
|
5 |
.1* |
|
Opinion of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP. |
|
10 |
.1** |
|
Sixth Amended and Restated 1998 Employee, Director and
Consultant Stock Option Plan. |
|
10 |
.2* |
|
2006 Equity and Long Term Incentive Plan. |
|
10 |
.3* |
|
2006 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. |
|
10 |
.4┴** |
|
Research Collaboration and Exclusive Option Agreement, dated as
of December 1, 2005, by and between Bausch & Lomb
Incorporated and the Registrant. |
|
10 |
.5┴** |
|
Collaboration and License Agreement, dated as of March 17,
2006, by and between the Registrant and Essex Chemie AG, a
wholly owned subsidiary of Schering-Plough Corporation. |
|
10 |
.6* |
|
Employment Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2002, between
the Registrant and Stuart W. Peltz, Ph.D. |
|
10 |
.7* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and William D. Ju, M.D. |
|
10 |
.8* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and Langdon Miller, M.D. |
|
10 |
.9* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and William Baird, III. |
|
10 |
.10* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and John Babiak, Ph.D. |
|
|
|
|
|
Exhibit |
|
|
Number |
|
Description |
|
|
|
|
10 |
.11* |
|
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 15,
2004, between the Registrant and Mark E. Boulding. |
|
10 |
.12** |
|
Lease Agreement, dated July 14, 2000, between the
Registrant and 46.24 Associates L.P., as amended. |
|
10 |
.13** |
|
Master Security Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2004,
between the Registrant and Oxford Finance Corporation. |
|
10 |
.14** |
|
Form of Promissory Note issued to Oxford Finance Corporation. |
|
23 |
.1 |
|
Consent of KPMG LLP. |
|
23 |
.2* |
|
Consent of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP (included
in Exhibit 5.1). |
|
24 |
.1** |
|
Powers of Attorney (included on signature page). |
|
|
|
|
* |
To be filed by amendment. |
|
|
|
|
┴ |
Confidential treatment requested as to portions of the exhibit.
Confidential portions omitted and filed separately with the
Securities and Exchange Commission. |
EXHIBIT 23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors
PTC Therapeutics, Inc:
We consent to the use of our report dated March 31, 2006 with respect to the
balance sheets of PTC Therapeutics, Inc. as of December 31, 2004 and 2005, and
the related statements of operations, stockholders' equity (deficit) and
comprehensive loss, and cash flows for each of the years for the three-year
period ended December 31, 2005 and for the period from March 31, 1998
(inception) to December 31, 2005, included herein and to the reference to our
firm under the headings "Selected Financial Data" and "Experts" in the
prospectus.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
May 3, 2006